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材料手册 4 半导体 超导体 磁性材料 绝缘体 电介质 其他电气材料PDF格式电子书版下载

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5 Semiconductors455

5.1 Band Theory of Bonding in Crystalline Solids455

5.2 Electrical Classification of Solids456

5.3 Semiconductor Classes457

5.3.1 Intrinsic or Elemental Semiconductors457

5.3.2 Doped Extrinsic Semiconductors458

5.3.3 Compound Semiconductors459

5.3.4 Grimm-Sommerfeld Rule459

5.4 Concentrations of Charge Carriers460

5.5 Transport Properties461

5.5.1 Electromigration461

5.5.2 Diffusion462

5.5.3 Hall Effect462

5.6 Physical Properties of Semiconductors463

5.7 Industrial Applications and Uses463

5.8 Common Semiconductors463

5.8.1 Silicon463

5.8.2 Germanium469

5.8.3 Boron470

5.8.4 Other Semiconductors471

5.9 Semiconductor Wafer Processing471

5.9.1 Monocrystal Growth472

5.9.2 Wafer Production473

5.10 The P-N Junction475

5.11 Further Reading475

6 Superconductors477

6.1 Description and General Properties477

6.2 Superconductor Types478

6.2.1 Type Ⅰ Superconductors478

6.2.2 Type Ⅱ Superconductors480

6.2.3 High-critical-temperature Superconductors481

6.2.4 Organic Superconductors482

6.3 Basic Theory482

6.4 Meissner-Ochsenfeld Effect483

6.5 History483

6.6 Industrial Applications and Uses485

6.7 Further Reading485

7 Magnetic Materials487

7.1 Magnetic Physical Quantities487

7.1.1 Magnetic Field Strength and Magnetomotive Force487

7.1.2 Magnetic Flux Density and Magnetic Induction488

7.1.3 Magnetic Flux489

7.1.4 Magnetic Dipole Moment490

7.1.5 Magnetizability,Magnetization,and Magnetic Susceptibility491

7.1.6 Magnetic Force Exerted on a Material492

7.1.7 Magnetic Force Exerted by Magnets493

7.1.8 Magnetic Energy Density Stored493

7.1.9 Magnetoresistance494

7.1.10 Magnetostriction494

7.1.11 Magnetocaloric Effect495

7.1.12 SI and CGS Units Used in Electromagnetism498

7.2 Classification of Magnetic Materials498

7.2.1 Diamagnetic Materials499

7.2.2 Paramagnetic Materials500

7.2.3 Ferromagnetic Materials501

7.2.4 Antiferromagnetic Materials503

7.2.5 Ferrimagnetic Materials504

7.3 Ferromagnetic Materials504

7.3.1 B-H Magnetization Curve and Hysteresis Loop504

7.3.2 Eddy-Current Losses506

7.3.3 Induction Heating507

7.3.4 Sofi Ferromagnetic Materials507

7.3.5 Hard Magnetic Materials510

7.3.6 Magnetic Shielding and Materials Selection512

7.4 Industrial Applications of Magnetic Materials516

7.5 Further Reading516

8 Insulators and Dielectrics519

8.1 Physical Quantities of Dielectrics519

8.1.1 Permittivity of Vacuum519

8.1.2 Permittivity of a Medium519

8.1.3 Relative Permittivity and Dielectric Constant520

8.1.4 Capacitance520

8.1.5 Temperature Coefficient of Capacitance520

8.1.6 Charging and Discharging a Capacitor521

8.1.7 Capacitance of a Parallel-Electrode Capacitor521

8.1.8 Capacitance of Other Capacitor Geometries521

8.1.9 Electrostatic Energy Stored in a Capacitor522

8.1.10 Electric Field Strength522

8.1.11 Electric Flux Density522

8.1.12 Microscopic Electric Dipole Moment522

8.1.13 Polarizability523

8.1.14 Macroscopic Electric Dipole Moment523

8.1.15 Polarization523

8.1.16 Electric Susceptibility524

8.1.17 Dielectric Breakdown Voltage524

8.1.18 Dielectric Absorption524

8.1.19 Dielectric Losses525

8.1.20 Loss Tangent or Dissipation Factor525

8.1.21 Dielectric Heating526

8.2 Physical Properties of Insulators526

8.2.1 Insulation Resistance526

8.2.2 Volume Electrical Resistivity526

8.2.3 Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Resistivity527

8.2.4 Surface Electrical Resistivity528

8.2.5 Leakage Current528

8.2.6 SI and CGS Units Used in Electricity529

8.3 Dielectric Behavior530

8.3.1 Electronic Polarization530

8.3.2 Ionic Polarization531

8.3.3 Dipole Orientation531

8.3.4 Space Charge Polarization531

8.3.5 Effect of Frequency on Polarization531

8.3.6 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Losses532

8.4 Dielectric Breakdown Mechanisms532

8.4.1 Electronic Breakdown or Corona Mechanism533

8.4.2 Thermal Discharge or Thermal Mechanism533

8.4.3 Internal Discharge or Intrinsic Mechanism533

8.5 Electrostriction533

8.6 Piezoelectricity534

8.7 Ferroelectrics534

8.8 Aging of Ferroelectrics538

8.9 Classification of Industrial Dielectrics538

8.9.1 Class Ⅰ Dielectrics or Linear Dielectrics538

8.9.2 Class Ⅱ Dielectrics or Ferroelectrics539

8.10 Selected Properties of Insulators and Dielectric Materials539

8.11 Further Reading542

9 Miscellaneous Electrical Materials543

9.1 Thermocouple Materials543

9.1.1 The Seebeck Effect543

9.1.2 Thermocouple544

9.1.3 Properties of Common Thermocouple Materials545

9.2 Resistors and Thermistors548

9.2.1 Electrical Resistivity548

9.2.2 Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Resistivity548

9.3 Electron-emitting Materials552

9.4 Photocathode Materials553

9.5 Secondary Emission554

9.6 Electrolytes555

9.7 Electrode Materials556

9.7.1 Electrode Materials for Batteries and Fuel Cells556

9.7.2 Intercalation Compounds559

9.7.3 Electrode Materials for Electrolytic Cells561

9.7.3.1 Industrial Cathode Materials563

9.7.3.1.1 Low-Carbon Steel Cathodes563

9.7.3.1.2 Aluminum Cathodes563

9.7.3.1.3 Titanium Cathodes564

9.7.3.1.4 Zirconium Cathodes565

9.7.3.1.5 Nickel Cathodes565

9.7.3.1.6 Mercury Cathode565

9.7.3.2 Industrial Anode Materials565

9.7.3.2.1 Precious-and Noble-Metal Anodes568

9.7.3.2.2 Lead and Lead-Alloy Anodes569

9.7.3.2.3 Carbon Anodes572

9.7.3.2.4 Lead Dioxide(PbO2)573

9.7.3.2.5 Manganese Dioxide(MnO2)575

9.7.3.2.6 Spinel(AB2O4)-and Perovskite(ABO3)-Type Oxides575

9.7.3.2.7 Ebonex？(Ti4O7 and Ti5O9)576

9.7.3.2.8 Noble-Metal-Coated Titanium Anodes(NMCT)578

9.7.3.2.9 Platinized Titanium and Niobium Anodes(70/30 Pt/Ir)579

9.7.3.2.10 Dimensionally Stable Anodes(DSA？)for Chlorine Evolution580

9.7.3.2.11 Dimensionally Stable Anodes(DSA？)for Oxygen581

9.7.3.2.12 Synthetic Diamond Electrodes585

9.7.4 Electrodes for Corrosion Protection and Control586

9.7.4.1 Cathodes for Anodic Protection586

9.7.4.2 Anodes for Cathodic Protection587

9.7.5 Electrode Suppliers and Manufacturers589

9.8 Electrochemical Galvanic Series590