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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1

Definition and Scope of Physiology1

Structure and Fundamental Characte-ristics of Living Organism1

Internal Environment Homeostasis and Biorhythm5

Regulation of Body Functions9

Summary19

Review Questions19

Thought Questions20

CHAPTER 2 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF CELLS21

Structure of Cell Membrane and Membrane Transport21

Signal Transduction of Cell Membrane30

Membrane Potentials and Action Pote-ntials34

Contraction of Muscle45

Summary62

Review Questions62

Thought Questions63

CHAPTER 3 BLOOD64

Body Fluid and Plasma64

Physiology of Blood Cells66

Physiological Hemostasis72

Blood Types80

Summary80

Review Questions82

Thought Questions82

CHAPTER 4 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY83

SECTION A Electrical Activity of the Heart83

Anatomy83

Cardiac muscle84

Heartbeat Coordination86

SECTION B Pump Function of the Heart93

Mechanical Events of The Cardiac Cycle93

The Cardiac Output98

Measurement of Cardiac Function101

SECTION C The Vascular System102

Pressure,Flow,and Resistance103

Arteries105

Arterioles108

Endothelial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle113

Arteriolar Control in Specific Organs114

Capillaries116

Veins123

The Lymphatic System124

SECTION D Integration of Cardiovascu-lar Function:Regulation of Systemic Arterial Pressure126

Baroreceptor Reflexes126

Blood Volume and Long Term Reg-ulation of Arterial Pressure130

Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and Re-sponses130

SECTION E Circulation through Special Regions131

Coronary Circulation131

Pulmonary Circulation136

Cerebral Circulation136

Summary138

Review Questions141

Thought Questions142

CHAPTER 5 RESPIRATION143

SECTION A Organization of the Respir-atory System143

The Airway and its Functions144

Sites of Gas Exchange144

Relation of the Lungs to the Thoracic Wall145

SECTION B Pulmonary Ventilation146

Principle of Pulmonary Ventilation146

Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities154

Pulmonary Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation156

SECTION C Gas Exchange157

Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and Tissues157

Gas Exchange between Tialveoli and Blood161

Gas Exchange Between Tissues and Blood163

Abnormalities of Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio163

SECTION D Gas Transport163

Transport of Oxygen in the Blood164

Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood167

Transport of Hydrogen Ions between Tissues and Lungs167

SECTION E Regulation of Respiration169

Respiratory Center and Respiratory Rhythm169

Reflex Control of Breathing171

Summary175

Review Questions176

Thought Questions176

CHAPTER 6 GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION177

Introduction177

Mouth and Esophagus182

Digestion in Stomach184

Digestion in Small Intestine189

Function of Colon196

Absorption197

Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract203

Summary205

Review Questions206

Thought Questions206

CHAPTER 7 ENERGY METABOLISM AND BODY TEMPERATURE208

SECTION A Energy Metabolism208

Source,Transfer and Storage of Energy208

Energy Utilization by Cells211

Energy Supply in Absorptive and Pos-tabsorptive States214

Basic Concepts of Energy Expenditure221

SECTION B Body Temperature Regu-lation227

Body Temperature227

Heat Production and Heat Loss229

Regulation of the Body Temperature234

Summary238

Review Questions239

Thought Question239

CHAPTER 8 THE KIDNEYS AND REG-ULATION OF WATER AND INOR-GANIC IONS240

SECTION A Basic Principles of Renal Physiology240

Renal Functions240

Structure of the Kidneys and Urinary System240

Renal Blood Flow and Its Regulation244

The Urine Formation by The Kidneys245

Concentrated and Diluted Urine by Kidneys255

Regulation of Urine Formation by The Kidneys260

Renal Clearance263

Micturition265

SECTION B Regulation of Sodium,Water,and Potassium Balance266

Total-Body Balance of Sodium and Water266

Basic Renal Processes for Sodium and Water266

Renal Sodium Regulation267

Renal Water Regulation268

A Summary Example:The Response to Sweating270

Thirst and Salt Appetite270

Potassium Regulation270

SECTION C Calcium Regulation271

Effector Sites for Calcium Homeostasis271

SECTION D Hydrogen Ion Regulation273

Sources of Hydrogen Ion Gain or Loss273

Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in the Body274

Integration of Homeostatic Controls274

Renal Mechanisms275

Summary276

Review Questions277

Thought Questions278

CHAPTER 9 SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY279

SECTION A Sensory Functions of Ner-vous System279

General Principles279

SECTION B Specific Sensory System288

Vision288

Hearing299

Vestibular System303

Somatic Sensation306

Chemical Senses311

Summary312

Review Questions313

Thought Questions313

CHAPTER 10 NERVOUS SYSTEM315

SECTION A Structure and Function of Neurons315

Structure and Maintenance of Neurons315

Functional Classes of Neurons316

SECTION B Synapses318

Functional Anatomy of Synapses319

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential(EPSP)and Excitation Trans-mission321

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential(IPSP)321

Synaptic Integration322

Synaptic Strength323

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators324

SECTION C Control of Body Movement330

Motor Control Hierarchy330

Local Control of Motor Neurons333

The Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways They Control338

Musele Tone344

Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance345

SECTION D Autonomic Nervous System346

SECTION E Higher Function of Nervous System351

States of Consciousness351

Learning and Memory357

Cerebral Dominance and Language359

Motivation and Emotion361

Conclusion364

Blood Supply,Blood-Brain Barrier Phenomena,and Cerebrospinal Fluid364

Summary366

Review Questions367

Thought Questions368

CHAPTER 11 ENDOCRINOLOGY369

SECTION A Foundations of Hormonal Con-trol Systems369

General Introduction369

Principles of Hormonal Control Systems372

SECTION B The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland381

The Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus381

Posterior Pituitary Hormones Are Prod-uced by the Hypothalamus381

Anterior Pituitary Hormones Are Cont-rolled by the Hypothalamus382

Hypothalamic Releasing and Inhibi-tory Hormones383

Disorders of the Hypothalamus386

Disorders of The Anterior Pituitary387

Growth Hormone387

SECTION C The Thyroid Hormone393

Synthesis and Secretion of The Thy-roid Hormone394

Carriage of Thyroid Hormones395

Functions of Thyroid Hormones396

Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion398

Summary399

Review questions400

Thought questions400

CHAPTER 12 REPRODUCTION401

SECTION A General Terminology and Concepts;Sex Determination and Differentiation401

General Principles of Gametogenesis402

Sex Determination403

Sex Differentiation404

SECTION B Male Reproductive Physi-ology406

Anatomy406

Spermatogenesis408

Transport of Sperm409

Hormonal Control of Male Reproduc-tive Functions410

Puberty411

SECTION C Female Reproductive Phy-siology412

Anatomy412

Ovarian Functions413

Control of Ovarian Function417

Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle422

Androgens in Women423

Puberty424

Pregnancy424

Menopause433

Precocious Puberty434

Summary434

Review Questions435

Thought Questions435

Appendix 1 English and Metric Units437

Appendix 2 English-Chinese Vocabu-lary438

Appendix 3 Abbreviations Used in the Text450