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Part 1 Data Communications——Business Drivers and Networking Directions1

Chapter 1.Data Communications——Past to Future3

1.1 What is Network Design?3

1.2 Deflning Data Communications Needs8

1.3 From Voice Networks to Data Networks9

1.3.1 A Brief History of Communications9

1.3.2 A Recent History of Data Communications12

1.4 Current Network Infrastructure——The Telephone Network13

1.4.1 The United States14

1.4.2 Europe and the Pacific Rim16

1.4.3 Voice as Low-Speed Data16

1.4.4 Voice and Data over the Current Network Infrastructure17

1.5 The Data Revolution18

1.5.1 Data Communications Takes the Lead19

1.5.2 Business Relies on Data Communications21

1.5.3 A New World Order for Data?22

1.6 The New World Data Manager or Engineer——Think Data Services23

1.6.1 The Data Services Option24

1.6.2 Not Just Faster and Larger,but Smarter Networks25

1.6.3 Planning25

1.6.4 Psychology26

1.6.5 The Data Manager and the Data Engineer27

1.7 Outsourcing and Out-tasking Ttends Continue28

1.7.1 Outsourcing and Out-tasking Defined29

1.7.2 Outsourcing Considerations30

1.7.3 Resources31

1.7.4 Skill Sets and Rellability32

1.7.5 Monetary Impacts and Retum on Investment(ROI)32

1.7.8 How Long?34

1.7.7 To What Extent?34

1.7.6 Control34

1.7.9 Vendor/User Reiationships——The Contract35

1.7.10 Cost of Ownership——Make vs.Buy Analysis for Management35

1.7.11 Summary of Benefits and Drawbacks37

1.7.12 The Future of Outsourcing38

1.8 Review38

Chapter 2.Computer and Information Nertworking Directions41

2.1 Applications as Key Enabiers41

2.1.1 Consumer and Commercial Applications42

2.1.2 Application Demand for Bandwidth43

2.1.3 New Multimedla Applications44

2.1.4 The Accelerating Bandwidth Principle46

2.1.5 Power to the Desktop49

2.2.1 S Curves of Technological Evolution51

2.2 Communications Technologies as Enablers51

2.2.2 Technology Acceptance Phases52

2.2.3 Protocol Enhancements54

2.2.4 High-Performance Digital Transmission54

2.2.5 ATM as a Technology Enabier54

2.2.6 Technology That Future-Proofs Your Investment56

2.3 Corporate Infrastructures are Changing57

2.3.1 Transmission Infrastructure Evolution57

2.3.2 From Centralized to Distributed Networks58

2.3.3 Distributed Computing and Cllent-Server Networking60

2.3.4 IBM SNA and Internetwork Protocol Convergence61

2.3.5 The Need for LAN/MAN/WAN Connectivity61

2.3.6 The Death of Shared Modia——LAN Switching?63

2.3.7 The Move to Distributed Routing64

2.3.9 Virtual LAN(VLAN)65

2.3.8 Merging of LAN and WAN——Free Bandwidth?65

2.3.11 Seamiess Protocol and Service Interworking——ATM?66

2.3.10 Intranet within the Internet and Cllent-Server Intranetworks66

2.4 The Data Network of the 2000s68

2.4.1 Private and Virtual Private Networks(VPNs)68

2.4.2 The Intelligent Data Network73

2.4.3 Meeting the Needs of the Enterprise74

2.4.4 Virtual Network Partitioning and Security75

2.4.5 The War on Technological Obsol??cence77

2.4.6 Ublquitous Access and Any-to-Any Communlcations78

2.4.7 As Rellable as the Phone Network78

2.4.8 Interoperability79

2.5 Review79

Part 2 Standards and Services81

3.1 Creating Standards——The Players83

Chapter 3.Understanding the Standards and Their Makers83

3.1.1 Vendors84

3.1.2 Users84

3.1.3 Network Service Providers85

3.2 Creating Standards——The Process85

3.2.1 Work Plan86

3.2.2 Maetings and Contributions86

3.2.3 Drafting and Review87

3.2.4 Voting and Approval87

3.2.5 User Acceptance and Interoperability88

3.2.6 Business and Politics88

3.3 Standards and Specification Bodies89

3.3.1 International Telecommunications Union(ITU)90

3.3.2 American National Standards Institute(ANSI)91

3.3.3 ANSI T1 Standards Committee92

3.3.4 Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions(ATIS)93

3.3.5 European Telecommunlcations Standards Institute(ETSI)94

3.3.6 Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)94

3.3.7 Bell Communications Research(Bellcore)95

3.3.8 International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission(ISO/IEC)96

3.3.9 Federal Communications Commission(FCC)97

3.3.10 Additional National Standards Bodies97

3.3.11 Additional International Standards Bodies98

3.3.12 How Do They Interface?99

3.4 Current Forums100

3.4.1 Frame Relay Forum102

3.4.2 SMDS Interest Group(SIG)102

3.4.3 ATM Forum102

3.4.4 Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF)103

3.4.5 Additional National Forums104

3.5 Review105

Chapter 4.Protocol and Transmission Basics107

4.1 Basic Protocol-Layering Concepts108

4.2 Layered Reference Models——The OSIRM110

4.3 Layers of the OSI Reference Model112

4.3.1 Physical Layer112

4.3.2 Data Link Layer113

4.3.3 Network Layer114

4.3.4 Transport Layer114

4.3.5 Session Layer115

4.3.6 Presentation Layer115

4.3.7 Application Layer116

4.4 Standard Computer Architectures116

4.4.1 IEEE 802.X Series(LAN/MAN/WAN)116

4.4.2 The Integrated Services Digital Natwork(ISDN)Protocol Model118

4.4.3 IBM s Systems Network Architecture(SNA)120

4.4.4 Digital Equipment Corporation s Digital Network Architecture(DNA)and DECnet Phases IV and V122

4.4.5 General Motors Manufacturing Automation Protocol(MAP)124

4.4.6 Boeing Computer Services Technical and Office Protocol(TOP)124

4.4.7 Novell s Internet Package Exchange(IPX)126

4.4.8 AppleTalk127

4.4.9 Xerox Network Systems(XNS)128

4.4.10 Architecture Joint Ventures128

4.4.11 Architecture Comparison to the OSIRM130

4.5 Digital Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)and the Digital Hierarchy131

4.5.1 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy131

4.5.2 SONET and the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH)132

4.6 Basics and History of ISDN133

4.6.2 BRI and PRI Service and Protocol Structures134

4.6.1 ISDN Basics134

4.7 Definition of Network Services137

4.7.1 Connection-Oriented Network Services(CONS)137

4.7.2 Connectionless Network Services(CLNS)139

4.8 Review140

4.9 References141

Part 3 The Basics——Transmission,Networks,Hardware,and Switching143

Chapter 5.Transmissions,Networks,and Hardware Types145

5.1 General Network Topologies145

5.1.1 Point-to-Point146

5.1.2 Common Bus(Multipoint)147

5.1.3 Star148

5.1.4 Ring149

5.1.5 Mesh150

5.2.1 Connection Types:Simplex,Half-Duplex,and Duplex152

5.2 Connection and Circuit Types and Services152

5.2.2 Multidrop Circuits153

5.2.3 Private Lines and Local Loops155

5.2.4 ADSL and HDSL155

5.3 Private Leased Lines vs.Switched Networks156

5.3.1 Private(Leased)Line Networks157

5.3.2 Switched Networks159

5.3.3 Hybrid Networks160

5.4 Data Tranamission Methods160

5.4.1 Asynchronous and Synchronous Data Transmission160

5.4.2 Asynchronous versus Synchronous Transfer Mode162

5.5 Hardware Distinctions163

5.5.1 Repeaters164

5.5.3 Channel Service Unit(CSU)and Data Service Unit(DSU)165

5.5.2 Line Drivers/Limited-Distance Modems165

5.5.4 Intelligent LAN Hubs167

5.5.5 Bridges170

5.5.6 Routers175

5.5.7 Routing Compared to Bridging178

5.5.8 Brouters180

5.5.9 Switches180

5.5.10 Gateways183

5.5.11 From Bridges to Routers to Hubs183

5.5.12 The PBX184

5.6 Review185

Chapter 6.Multiplexing and Switching Technologies——An Overview187

6.1 Multiplexing Technologies187

6.1.1 Multiplexer Defined188

6.1.2 Multiplexing Methods Summnarized189

6.1.3 Space Division Multiplexing(SDM)189

6.1.4 Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM)190

6.1.5 Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)192

6.1.6 Address or Label Multiplexing195

6.2 Types of Multiplexers196

6.2.1 Access or Channel Bank Multiplexers197

6.2.2 Network Multiplexers199

6.2.3 Aggregator Multiplexers200

6.2.4 Drop-and-Insert Multiplexers201

6.2.5 Selection of a Multiplexer202

6.2.6 The Future of Multiplexing203

6.3 Switching Techniques204

6.3.1 Point-to-Point Switching Functions204

6.3.2 Point-to-Multipoint Switching Functions205

6.3.3 Space Division Switching206

6.3.4 Time Division Switching207

6.3.5 Address Switching208

6.3.6 Frequency/Wavelength Switching210

6.3.7 The Matrix Switch212

6.4 Circuit Switching Methods212

6.4.1 Circuit Switching Illustrated213

6.4.2 Switched n x 56 kbps and n x DSO214

6.4.3 Digital Access Cross-Connects(DXC)217

6.4.4 Dial-Up Lines219

6.5 Packet-Switching Technologies219

6.5.1 X.25 Packet Switching Compared to Circuit Switching220

6.5.2 Darwin s Theory and Packet Switching Evolution220

6.5.3 X.25222

6.5.4 Frame Relay222

6.5.5 Fast Packet223

6.5.6 Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)224

6.6 Review225

6.5.7 Integrated Circuit/Packet Switches225

Part 4 Protocols and Interfaces227

Chapter 7.Common Protocols and Interfaces——Part 1229

7.1 Basic Concepts229

7.1.1 Physical Layer Concepts230

7.1.2 Data Link Layer Concepts231

7.1.3 Network and Transport Layer Concepts232

7.2 Physical Layer Protocols and Interfaces232

7.2.1 Physical Media232

7.2.2 RS-232-C,EIA-232-E,EIA-449,and ITU-T V.24/V.28233

7.2.3 ITU-T X.21,X.2I234

7.2.4 ITU-T I.430 and I.431234

7.2.5 T1/E1 and D4/ESF Framing and Formatting238

7.2.6 AMI and B8ZS Line Coding239

7.2.9 Enterprise Systems Connection ArchitectureTM(ESCON)240

7.2.7 High-Speed Serial Interface(HSSI)240

7.2.8 High-Performance Parallel Interface(HIPPI)240

7.2.10 Flbre Channel242

7.2.11 IEEE 802 Physical Interfaces242

7.3 Data Link Layer Protocols244

7.3.1 Binary Synchronous Control(BSC or Bisync)245

7.3.2 Digital Data Communications Message Protocol(DDCMP)246

7.3.3 Synchronous Data Link Control(SDLC)246

7.3.4 High-Lavel Data Link Control(HDLC)248

7.3.5 Link Access Procedure(LAP)Protocols252

7.3.6 Point-to-Point Protocol(PPP)and Serial Line Interface Protocol(SLIP)252

7.4 LLC and MAC Sublayer Protocols253

7.4.1 Logical Link Control(LIC)Sublayer255

7.4.2 Medis Access Controi(MAC)Sublayer257

7.4.3 802.3 CSMA/CD(Ethernet)259

7.4.4 802.4 Token Bus261

7.4.5 802.5 Token Ring262

7.4.6 Fiber Distrlbuted Dats Interface(FDDI)263

7.4.7 FDDI-II269

7.4.8 100-mbps Ethernet:100BASET and 100VG-AnyLAN270

7.5 Switching in the LAN Environment271

7.5.1 Ethernet and Token Ring LAN Switch273

7.5.2 When Should You Use a LAN Switch?273

7.5.3 Types of LAN Switching274

7.5.4 Virtual LANs and LAN Emulation276

7.6 Review278

Chapter 8.Common Protocois and Interfaces——Part 2279

8.1 Bridge Protocols279

8.1.2 IBM Source Routing Protocol(SRP)280

8.1.1 IEEE 802.1 Spanning Tree Learning Bridge Protocol(STP)280

8.1.3 Source Route Transparent(SRT)Bridging282

8.1.4 Source Routing Extensions282

8.2 Router Protocols282

8.2.1 Routing Protocols Defined283

8.2.2 Distance Vector Routing Protocols284

8.2.3 Link State Routing Protocols286

8.2.4 Routing Protocols Comparison287

8.3 Network and Transport Layer Protocols——The Internet Protocol Suite(TCP/IP)288

8.3.1 Origins of TCP/IP288

8.3.2 Structure of TCP/IP288

8.3.3 IP Packet Formats290

8.3.4 Internet Protocol(IP)Addressing291

8.3.5 TCP Frame Format292

8.3.6 TCP/IP Functions292

8.3.8 Traffic and Congestion Control Aspects of TCP/IP293

8.3.7 Example of TCP/IP Operation293

8.3.9 Service Aspects of TCP/IP295

8.3.10 IP Next Generation(IPng)-IPv6295

8.4 Legacy SNA297

8.4.1 Building Blocks of Traditional SNA298

8.4.2 Network Addressable Units——PUs,LUs,and Domains302

8.4.3 SNA Legacy Software Communications303

8.5 IBM SMA/SDLC Migration to LAN/WAN Internetworking304

8.5.1 SNA over X.25——NPSI306

8.5.2 QLLC Conversion——SNA over X.25306

8.5.3 PAD/FRAD SDLC/Bisync/Async Consolidation/Encapsuiation306

8.5.4 Traditional Source Route Bridging(SRB)and Remote SRB(RSRB)307

8.5.5 SDLC to LLC2 Protocol Conversion308

8.5.6 SNA SPLC Serial Tunneling(Synchronous Pass-Through)over IP309

8.5.7 RFC 1434,DLSw(RFC 1795),DLSw+,and RSRB312

8.5.8 RFC 1490——SNA and Multiprotocol Traffic Encapsulation across FR Networks314

8.6 APPC/APPN316

8.6.1 APPC316

8.6.2 APPN317

8.6.3 High Performance Routing(HPR)and Dependent LU Requester(DLUR)318

8.6.4 Channel Extension——Cisco s Channel Interface Processor(?)319

8.6.5 NETBIOS/NETBEUI320

8.6.6 SNA-to-OSI Gateway320

8.7 Review320

Chapter 9.X.25 Packet Switching321

9.1 A Brief History of Packet Switching321

9.1.1 Packet Switch Beginnings322

9.1.2 Early Reasons for Packet Switching323

9.1.3 Principies of Packet Switching323

9.1.4 X.25 Packet Switching Today325

9.2.1 Orlgins of X.25326

9.2.2 Standards Structure of X.25326

9.2 X.25 Packet Switching Defined326

9.2.3 What Does X.25 Packet Switching Provide?327

9.2.4 Packet-Switch DTE and DCE Concepts328

9.3 Theory of Operation330

9.3.1 Traffic Characteristics330

9.3.2 Basic Operation332

9.3.3 Acknowledgments333

9.3.4 Packet Sequencing334

9.3.5 Example of X.25 Store-and-Forward Operation334

9.3.6 Packet Error335

9.3.7 Lost Packets336

9.3.8 Packet Duplication336

9.4.2 X.25 and the OSI Reference Model337

9.4 X.25 Interface Protocol Structures337

9.4.1 CCITT Recommendation X.25337

9.4.3 Data Link Frame Structure339

9.4.4 The Packet Layer DTE/DCE Interface339

9.4.5 X.25 Layer 3 Packet Format341

9.5 Network Layer Functions342

9.5.1 Permanent Virtual Circuits and Virtual Calls343

9.5.2 Virtual Calls and Logical Channel Numbers344

9.5.3 X.25 Control Packet Formats347

9.5.4 Normal Data Packet Formats348

9.5.5 Flow Control and Windowing348

9.5.6 Datagram Function350

9.6 User Connectivity351

9.6.1 User Network Interface351

9.6.2 User Applications353

9.6.3 User-to-User Protocols354

9.6.4 Optional User Facillties(Section 6.0 of the Standards)354

9.6.5 Fast Connect Option354

9.7 Performance and Design Considerations356

9.8 X.75 Internetworking Protocol357

9.9 Advantages and Drawbacks358

9.10 Review359

Chapter 10.Frame Relay,Part 1——Teory361

10.1 Origins and Standards of Frame Relay362

10.2 Frame Relay Defined363

10.2.1 FR User-Access Ports and Circuits(FR UNIs)363

10.2.2 Permanent Virtual Circuit(PVC)365

10.2.3 Committed Information Rate(CIR)367

10.2.4 Data Link Connection Identifier(DLCI)367

10.2.5 Frame Relay Functions——Putting It All Together368

10.3 The Many Faces of Frame Relay——Interface,Signaling Protocol,and Service369

10.3.1 Frame Relay Access to a FR Network370

10.3.2 Frame Relay as a Signaling Protocol376

10.3.3 Frame Relay as a Network Service378

10.4 Transmission and Signaling Protocol Structure384

10.4.1 Frame Relay Protocol Structure in Relation to the OSIRM384

10.4.2 Layer 2 Protocol Structure Details387

10.4.3 Core Services389

10.4.4 Procedural Sublayer Services390

10.5 Transmission Protocol Theory391

10.5.1 Overview392

10.5.2 Example of Frame-Relay Operation395

10.5.3 Basics of SAP and DLCL396

10.5.4 Frame Format398

10.5.5 Address Field Structure399

10.5.6 Proposed Address Structures of ANSI T1.618401

10.5.7 Data Field or Payload Structure403

10.5.8 Frame Check Sequence(FCS)404

10.6 Frame Relay Addressing404

10.6.1 FR Addressing with DLCIs404

10.6.2 Frame Handling and Switching with ISDN FR Access405

10.6.3 Logical Channel Multiplexing vla Frames406

10.7 User-Definable Services409

10.7.1 User Interface409

10.7.2 User Applications409

10.7.3 Interface Signaling410

10.7.4 PVC Management410

10.7.5 The Local Management Interface(LMI)Extension411

10.8 Review413

Chapter 11.Frame Relay,Part 2——Application,Services,and Design415

11.1 Multiple Standards Deveiop416

11.1.1 ITU-T/CCITT Standards417

11.1.2 ANSI Standards418

11.1.3 LMI Extension and Proprietary Solutions419

11.1.4 Standard LMI Extensions420

11.1.5 Optional LMI Extensions421

11.2 FR Parameters and Sizing422

11.2.1 Calculating the Committed Information Rate(CIR)and Excess Information Rate(EIR)422

11.2.2 CIR Sizing423

11.2.3 FR Access Port Sizing425

11.2.4 Unldirectional,Asymmetrical,or Simplex PVCs426

11.2.5 Bursting over CIR427

11.2.6 Discard Eligible(DE)429

11.2.7 Oversubscription429

11.2.9 Moving from PL to FR430

11.2.8 PVC Reroute Capability430

11.3 Traffic and Congestion Control Aspects of Frame Relay(CIR,EIR,FECN,BECN,CLLM):Design Issues431

11.3.1 Congestion in Frame Relay Networks Defined431

11.3.2 FECN and BECN432

11.3.3 Consolidated Link Layer Management(CLLM)434

11.4 Public Network FR Services434

11.4.1 Service Aspects of Frame Relay436

11.4.2 Public versus Private437

11.4.3 Public Frame Relay Service Offerings438

11.4.4 Switched Virtual Circuits(SVCs)440

11.4.5 Network-to-Network Interface(NNI)441

11.4.6 Frame-Relay Service Provider Interconnectivity Issues442

11.4.7 Regional,National,or International?442

11.4.8 International Frame Relay444

11.5 Public Frame Relay Network Architectures444

11.5.1 Open-Loop Architecture445

11.5.2 Closed-Loop Architecture447

11.5.3 FR over a Cell-Relay Backbone448

11.5.4 Input/Output Buffers448

11.6 Access Design Issues449

11.6.1 Network Access Devices449

11.6.2 Frame Relay Access Device(FRAD)450

11.6.3 Dial Access and Dial Backup453

11.6.4 Network Management456

11.7 Performance Design Issues456

11.7.1 Transmission Error Rates and Lost Frames457

11.7.2 Propagation Delay457

11.7.3 Transamission Transit Delay457

11.7.4 Queuing,Seriaiization,and Packetization Delay458

11.7.6 Window Sizing and Effects on Higher-Layer Protocois459

11.7.5 Overhead and Throughput459

11.7.7 Buffering and Throughput during Congestion460

11.7.8 Bursting and Jitter Eflects on Applications460

11.7.9 Traffic Prioritization461

11.8 Pricing,Rates and Tariffs461

11.8.1 Elements of FR Pricing461

11.8.2 Tariff or Nontariff?462

11.8.3 Usage-Based Pricing an Option?462

11.8.4 Comparison Pricing Guidelines463

11.8.5 Zero CIR464

11.8.6 Build versus Buy465

11.9 Review465

Chapter 12.SMDS467

12.1 Switched Multimegabit Data Service(SMDS)Defined467

12.1.1 Origins of SMDS468

12.1.2 What is a MAN?470

12.1.3 SMDS Service——Public versus Private472

12.2 Subscriber Interfaca and Access Protocols472

12.2.1 SMDS L3_PDU472

12.2.2 SMDS Subscriber Network Interface(SNI)474

12.2.3 SMDS Interface Protocol(SIP)474

12.2.4 Data eXchange Interface(DXI)475

12.2.5 Frame Relay Access477

12.2.6 SMDS to ATM Access478

12.2.7 The Customer Premises Environment(CPE)478

12.3 Addressing and Traffic Control479

12.3.1 Unicasting and Multicasting(Group Addressing)480

12.3.2 Source Address Validation and Address Scceening480

12.3.4 Access Classes481

12.3.3 SIR Access Classes as Traffic and Congestion Control481

12.3.5 SMDS Addressing483

12.4 SMDS and DQDB Protocol Structures484

12.4.1 IEEE 802.6 Compared to the OSIRM484

12.4.2 Structure of SMDS and IEEE 802.6484

12.4.3 SMDS/802.6 Protocol Data Unit (PDU)Formats486

12.5 SMDS and DQDB Architecture488

12.5.1 SMDS Backbone Architecture489

12.5.2 DQDB and SMDS Functions490

12.5.3 DQDB Architecture——Bus Defined493

12.5.4 Example of SMDS over DQDB Operntion494

12.5.5 Overhead and Throughput Degradation494

12.6 SMDS Internetworking——Bridging and Routing496

12.6.2 SMDS Routing with TCP/IP497

12.6.1 SMDS Bridging with TCP/IP497

12.7 Performance499

12.7.1 Availability501

12.7.2 Delay502

12.7.3 Accuracy504

12.7.4 Rellance on Fiber504

12.7.5 “Smart Applications”Concept505

12.8 Design Conaiderations505

12.8.1 Transport505

12.8.2 Distance Between Nodes506

12.8.3 Timing507

12.8.4 Capacity Planning507

12.8.5 Network Management508

12.8.6 Future PARs508

12.8.7 Migration Path from SMDS to ATM509

12.9 Review509

Chapter 13.AYM,Part 1511

13.1 ATM Defined512

13.2 The Many Faces of ATM——Archltecture,Technology,and Service513

13.2.1 As an Interface and Protocol513

13.2.2 As a Technology513

13.2.3 As Economical,Integrated Access513

13.2.4 As an Infrastructure514

13.2.5 As a Service514

13.3 The ATM Cell and Transmission514

13.3.1 ATM Cell514

13.3.2 Cell Segmentation Example516

13.3.3 Why 53 Bytes? Choice of Payload Size518

13.4 ATM Networking Basics519

13.4.1 Transmission Path,Virtual Path,and Virtual Channel Analogy519

13.4.2 Transmission Path,Virtual Path,and Virtual Channels521

13.4.3 Virtual Path Connections(VPCs)and Virtual Channel Connections(VCCs)523

13.5 Theory of Operation524

13.5.1 A Simple ATM Example524

13.5.2 An ATM Switch Example524

13.6 B-ISDN Protocol Reference Model527

13.7 The Plane-Layer Truth——An Overview528

13.8 Physical(PHY)Layer530

13.8.1 Physical Medium Dependent(PMD)Sublayer530

13.8.2 Transmission Convergence(TC)Sublayer532

13.8.3 Exampies of TC Mapping532

13.8.4 TC Header Error Check(HEC)Functions534

13.8.5 TC Cell Rate Decoupling534

13.9 ATM Layer——Protocol Model536

13.9.1 Physical Llnks and ATM Virtual Paths and Channels536

13.10.1 ATM UNI and NNI Defined538

13.10 ATM Layer and Cell——Definition538

13.10.2 ATM UNI Cell Structure Detailed539

13.10.3 ATM NNI Cell Structure Detailed540

13.10.4 Definition of ATM Cell Heeder Fields541

13.10.5 Relaying and Multiplexing Using the VPVVCI541

13.10.6 Meaning of Preassigned Reserved Header Values542

13.10.7 Meaning of the Payload Type(PT)Field542

13.10.8 Meaning of the Cell Loss Priority(CLP)Field542

13.11 The Traffic Contract and Quality of Service(QOS)543

13.11.1 Reference Model544

13.11.2 Quality of Service Parameters545

13.11.3 QoS Classes547

13.11.4 Specified QoS Clasaes548

13.11.5 Unspecified QoS and“Bast-Effort”Service549

13.12 Traffic Descriptor550

13.13 Traffic and Congestion Control Dafined552

13.14 Methods of Congestion Control552

13.15 Review553

Chapter 14.ATM,Part 2555

14.1 ATM Adaptation Layer(AAL)——Protocol Model556

14.1.1 The AAL Protocol Structure Defined556

14.1.2 AAL Service Attrlbutes Classified557

14.1.3 ATM Adaptation Layer(AAL)——Definition558

14.2 User Plane Overview565

14.2.1 User Plane——SSCS Protocols565

14.2.2 User Plane——Higher Layers566

14.2.3 Frame Relay over ATM566

14.2.4 SMDS Access Interworking over ATM570

14.3.1 Control Plane Overvlew572

14.3.2 Control Plane Architecture and Signaling572

14.3 Control Plane AAL572

14.3.3 Control Plane Addressing and Routing Defined573

14.3.4 ATM Layer VP/VCI Level Addressing574

14.3.5 ATM Control Plane(SVC)Addressing575

14.3.6 Basic Routing Requirements and Attributes576

14.3.7 A Simple ATM Layer VCC Routing Design576

14.3.8 Control Plane Protocol Model577

14.3.9 Control Plane——Signallng Functions579

14.4 Management Plane580

14.4.1 Layer Management581

14.4.2 Plane Management582

14.5 Data Exchange Interface(DXI)582

14.5.1 ATM DXI——Mode 1a and Mode 1b583

14.5.2 ATM DXI——Mode 2584

14.5.3 ATM DXI Header Formats585

14.5.4 Local Management Interface(LMI)Summarized586

14.5.5 Frame Relay User-to-Network Interface(FUNI)586

14.6 ATM Public Services587

14.6.1 Public ATM Network Architectures587

14.6.2 ATM Service Suite587

14.6.3 Public ATM Services and Providers588

14.7 Challenges589

14.8 Review591

Chapter 15.SONET593

15.1 Terms Defined593

15.2 Standards595

15.2.1 Phase I595

15.2.2 Phase II595

15.3.1 Basic Structure596

15.3 SONET Structure596

15.2.3 Phase III596

15.3.2 SONET Hierarchy597

15.3.3 Multiplexing597

15.3.4 SONET Architecture Layers599

15.3.5 SONET Protocol Stack600

15.3.6 OC-N Midspan Flber Meet600

15.3.7 Data Communications Channels(DCC)602

15.4 Frame Format and OAM Elements602

15.4.1 Basic Frame Format603

15.4.2 Payload604

15.4.3 Virtual Tributary606

15.4.5 Overhead and the Control Field608

15.4.6 Bit Interleave Parity Check(BIP-8)611

15.4.7 Bit Stuffing611

15.5 SONET Hardware612

15.4.8 OAM Structure612

15.5.1 SONET Terminating Multlplexers613

15.5.2 SONET Concentrators615

15.5.3 SONET Add/Drop Multiplexer(SADM)615

15.5.4 SONET Digital Loop Carrier Systems(DLCs)617

15.5.5 SONET Digital Cross-Connects(SDXCs)617

15.5.6 SONET Broadband Switches620

15.5.7 SONET Regenerators and Optical Amplifiers620

15.5.8 SONET Equipment Vendors621

15.6 Interfaces621

15.6.1 Interface Options621

15.6.2 User Access622

15.6.3 Services Support623

15.7 Advantages and Disadvantages623

15.8 Performance and Design Considerations625

15.9 Review626

Part 5 Requirements,Planning,and Choosing Technology627

Chapter 16.Requirements Definition629

16.1 User Requirements——The User s Viewpoint629

16.1.1 User Expectations and Satisfaction630

16.1.2 Usar Involvement in Technology633

16.2 User Requirements——The Designer s Viewpoint633

16.3 Traffic Sizing633

16.3.1 Message or Data Size Basics634

16.3.2 Tuning Data Size across the Network635

16.4 Traffic Characteristics Defined635

16.4.1 Traffic Burstiness635

16.4.2 Traffic Delay Tolerance636

16.4.3 Response Time636

16.4.4 Capacity and Throughput636

16.4.6 Sessions and Usage Patterns637

16.4.5 Application Traffic Attributes Summarized637

16.4.7 Call Setups per Second and Response Time639

16.4.8 Routing641

16.4.9 Data Accuracy(Minimum Errors)642

16.4.10 Priorltization642

16.4.11 Application Quality of Service(QoS)Requirements643

16.5 Protocols644

16.5.1 Connection/Session Oriented644

16.5.2 Protocol Routing645

16.5.3 Application Architecture645

16.5.4 Addressing and Naming Schemes645

16.6 Time and Delay Considerations646

16.6.1 Access Time646

16.6.2 Response Time647

16.6.4 Performance——Packet-per-Second Processing,Forwarding,and Filtering648

16.6.3 Delay versus Throughprt648

16.6.5 Blocking versus Storage versus Queuing649

16.6.6 Interrupts and Resets650

16.6.7 Congestion650

16.7 Connectivity651

16.7.1 User-to-Network and Network-to-Network Connectivity651

16.7.2 Geographical Requirements652

16.7.3 Structure——Central versus Distribted652

16.7.4 Current Infrastructure652

16.7.5 Remote Access653

16.8 Availability,Reliability,and Maintainability654

16.9 Amount of User Control655

16.11 Service Aspects656

16.11.1 Network Management656

16.10 Expandability,Scalability,and Evolution656

16.11.2 Billing657

16.11.3 Redundancy and Disaster Recovery657

16.11.4 Security657

16.11.5 User Support658

16.12 Budget Constraints658

16.13 Politics659

16.14 Review659

Chapter 17.Traffic Engineering and Capacity Planning661

17.1 Throughput Calculations662

17.1.1 Packets,Frames,Cells per Second662

17.1.2 Effects of Overhead663

17.2 Traffic Engineering Basics——Traffic Characteristics and Source Models664

17.2.1 Source Model Traffic Parameter Characteristics665

17.2.2 General Source Model Parameters665

17.2.3 Poisson Arrivals and Markov Processes666

17.3 Traditional Traffic Engineering669

17.3.1 Statistical Behavior of User Traffic669

17.3.2 Voice Traffic Modeling(Erlang Analysis)670

17.4 Queued Data and Packet-Switched Traffic Modeling671

17.4.1 Queueing System Models Notation672

17.4.2 Queued Data and Packet-Switched Traffic Modeling672

17.4.3 Markovian Queueing Systems Models673

17.4.4 Utllization and Capacity Calculations674

17.4.5 Markovian Queueing Packet Switching System Example676

17.4.6 Bemoulli Processes and Gaussian Approximation677

17.4.7 Traffic Engineering Complexlties679

17.4.8 Buffer Overflow and Performance679

17.4.9 Cell Buffer Overflow Analysis680

17.4.10 Statistical Multiplexing Gaih683

17.4.11 LAN Traffic Modeling687

17.4.12 DQDB Traffic Modeling688

17.5 Dasigning for Peaks690

17.5.1 Standard Busy Hour Calculations691

17.5.2 Data Equivaient of Busy Hour692

17.6 Delay692

17.6.1 Causes of Delay693

17.6.2 Circuit-,Message-,Packet-,and Cell-Switching Delay Basics693

17.6.3 Impact of Delay on Applications695

17.6.4 Impact of Loss on Applications697

17.6.5 Data Services Delay699

17.7 Availability and Reliability700

17.7.1 Availability701

17.7.2 Reiiability703

17.7.4 Plan for Failures704

17.7.3 Additional Performance Measurements704

17.8 Reaction to Extreme Situations705

17.9 Network Performance Modeling706

17.10 Creating the Traffic Matrix707

17.10.1 Asymmetric versus Symmetric Distribution707

17.10.2 Creating the Traffic Matrix708

17.10.3 Interpreting the Matrix710

17.11 Capacity Planning and Network Vision711

17.12 Review712

Chapter 18.Technology and Service Comparisons715

18.1 Circuit-,Message-,Packet-,and Cell-Switching Methods715

18.1.1 A Taxonomy of Data Communication Methods716

18.1.2 Dedicated or Switched Networks?717

18.2.3 Traffic,Congestion,and Flow Control719

18.2.2 Switching Approach719

18.2.1 Data Delivery Philosophy719

18.2 Packet-Switching Service Aspects719

18.2.4 Comparlson of Protocol Functions720

18.2.5 OSI Functional Mapping720

18.3 Generic Packet-Switching Network Characteristics721

18.3.1 Network-Addressing Philosophies721

18.3.2 Routing Approaches722

18.3.3 Network Access and Topology722

18.3.4 Protocol-Speclfic Functions722

18.3.5 Summary of Networking Aspects723

18.4 Private versus Public Networking723

18.5 Public Network Service Selection725

18.5.1 When Do You Need a Private Line?725

18.5.2 When Do You Need X.25 Service?726

18.5.3 When Do You Need FR Service?726

18.5.6 When Do You Need a Public Data Service?727

18.5.4 When Do You Need SMDS?727

18.5.5 When Do You Need ATM?727

18.5.7 Transport Tranamission Characterlstics728

18.6 Business Aspects of Packet-,Frame-,and Cell-Switching Services729

18.6.1 Efficiency versus Features729

18.6.2 CPE Hardware and Software Impacts731

18.6.3 Integration Savings732

18.6.4 Ubiquity and Market Demand732

18.6.5 General Pricing Structures733

18.6.6 Private Line Pricing Example735

18.6.7 Frame Relay Pricing Example735

18.6.10 Summary of Business Aspects737

18.7 High-Speed LAN Protocols Comparison737

18.6.9 ATM Pricing Example737

18.6.8 SMDS Pricing Example737

18.8 Application Performance Needs738

18.8.1 Throughput739

18.8.2 Burstiness740

18.8.3 Response Time and Delay Tolerance740

18.9 Review742

Part 6 Choosing the Service Provider743

Chapter 19. The Service Provider Selection Process745

19.1 The Request for Information(RFI)746

19.2 The Request for Proposal(RFP)Process747

19.2.1 The RFP Structure747

19.2.2 The Sample Network(s)748

19.2.3 Solicitation749

19.2.4 Analyzing and Evaluating the RFP Response749

19.3 Choosing the Vendor(s)750

19.3.1 The Requirements Matrlx and Weighting Methods751

19.3.2 What Tradeoffs are Critical?752

19.3.3 Public Service Network Offerings versus Private Networks755

19.3.4 Adherence to Industry Standards756

19.3.5 Vendor Promises and Support756

19.3.6 Vendor Expertise757

19.3.7 Vendor Ddlivery Dates and Reality757

19.3.8 Product Announcements and Product Futures758

19.3.9 The Proprietary Vendor and Futures758

19.4 The Vendor-Designer Relationshlp758

19.5 Strateglc User-Vendor Agreements759

19.6 Service Levels760

19.7 Network and Systems Management Capabllities761

19.8 Future Business of Your Company763

19.9 Review763

Part 7 Network Design and Management765

Chapter 20. Access Network Design767

20.1 Access and Backbone Level Design Defined767

20.1.1 User or Application Layer Design767

20.1.2 Access Layer Design769

20.1.3 Backbone Layer Design769

20.2 Network Access Requirements769

20.2.1 Interface and Physical Connectivity770

20.2.2 Protocois771

20.2.3 Architecture and Technology773

20.2.4 Features,Functions,and Services Required773

20.2.5 Traffic Prloritization at the Access Device774

20.3 Access Network Capacity Requirements775

20.3.1 Access Device Loading and Link Utllization Prlnciples775

20.3.2 Access Node Design777

20.3.3 Utilization,Loading Factors,and Anticipating Failures779

20.3.4 Efficiencies of Statistlcal Multiplexing781

20.3.5 Future Capacity782

20.4 Sytle782

20.4.1 Based on Geography782

20.4.2 Ubiquitous Access(Matrix)783

20.4.3 Hierarchical783

20.4.4 Hierarchical versus Ubiquitous Access785

20.4.5 Collapsed Backbone786

20.4.6 LAN Switching Migrations to ATM787

20.5 Completing the Access Network Design791

20.5.1 User/Application Intelligence Verification792

20.5.2 Access-Device Level793

20.5.3 Number and Type of Access Nodes793

20.5.4 Access Circuit Topology and Design794

20.5.5 Access Network Topologies795

20.6 Diverse,Remote,and Telecommuting Options796

20.6.1 Access Diverslty Alternatives796

20.6.2 Remote Access Alternatives797

20.6.3 Telecommuting Options799

20.7 Integrated Access800

20.8 Review800

Chapter 21. Backbone Network Design803

21.1 Backbone Requirements803

21.1.1 Interfaces804

21.1.2 Protocols805

21.1.3 Architecture and Technology806

21.1.4 Features,Functions,and Services808

21.2.1 Backbone Node Selection809

21.2 Backbone Natwork Capacity Required809

21.2.2 Utilization,Loading Factors,and Anticipating Fallures811

21.2.3 Total Backbone Capacity811

21.2.4 Route Determination814

21.2.5 Future Capacity815

21.3 Styles of Topologies817

21.3.1 Star817

21.3.2 Loop817

21.3.3 Meshed and Fully Meshed819

21.3.4 Daisy-Chained Access Nodes819

21.3.5 Backbones Within Backbones821

21.4 Backbone Topology Strategies823

21.4.1 Desirable Topoiogies per Technology824

21.4.2 Requirements Drive the Topology824

21.4.4 Topology of the Future-Distributed Design826

21.4.3 Hybrid Topologies826

21.5 Network Management827

21.6 Total Network Tlming827

21.7 Tuning the Network827

21.7.1 Optimizing Packet/Frame/Call Size828

21.7.2 Limiting Protocol Segmentation829

21.7.3 Port-to-Port Data Transfer Delay830

21.7.4 Window Sizes830

21.7.5 Bursting830

21.8 Review832

Chapter 22. Addressing and Routing Design833

22.1 Overview of Addressing833

22.1.1 Levels of Addressing834

22.1.2 Types of Addresses834

22.1.3 Address Assignment and Resolution835

22.3 IP Address Design Primet836

22.2 IP Address Design836

22.3.1 Netowrk Mask837

22.3.2 IP Address Topologies838

22.3.3 Addresses Based on Toplogy839

22.3.4 Subnet Masks840

22.3.5 Variable Length Subnet Masks843

22.3.6 Design Rules-Subnets and Frame Relay845

22.3.7 OSPF versus RIP and Default Gateways845

22.3.8 Mask Effect on Higher-Layer Protocols846

22.4 Novell IPX Addressing846

22.4.1 IPX Addreas Structure847

22.4.2 Designing IPX WANs847

22.5 Address Management848

22.7 Review849

22.6 Classiess InterDomain Routing(CIDR)849

Chapter 23. Operations and Network Management851

23.1 Documentation851

23.1.1 The EngIneering Plan852

23.1.2 The O M Document852

23.2 Organizational Responsibillties853

23.3 Operations,Administration,Maintenance,and Provisioning(OAM P)Defined855

23.3.1 The OAM P Functional Model855

23.3.2 Operations Defined857

23.3.3 Administration857

23.3.4 Maintenance857

23.3.5 Provisioning858

23.3.6 Centrallzed versus Distrlbuted Network Management858

23.4.1 Users Demand Better Network Management859

23.4 Network Management Defined859

23.4.2 Evolution of Network Element Management860

23.4.3 Network Management Architectures861

23.5 OSI Network Management Functional Model861

23.5.1 Vendor Network Management versus OSI and CMIP(CMCL/CMIS)863

23.5.2 OSI CMIS/CMIP Upstaged by Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP)864

23.5.3 New Technology Outpaces Official Standards865

23.6 ITU Telecommunications Management Network(TMN)865

23.7 SNMP Defined867

23.7.1 SNMP Structure and MIBs867

23.7.2 SNMPv2868

23.7.3 Customer Network Management and Proprietary Operating Systems869

23.7.4 IBM Network Management-NewView869

23.7.5 Reporting Formats869

23.8 Remote Monitoring(RMON)870

23.9 Trends in Network Management872

23.9.1 Will the ISO OSI NM Standards Follow SNMP s Example?872

23.9.2 Network Management Elements and New T?chnologies873

23.9.3 Around-the-Clock Operations Increasing874

23.9.4 Multivendor,Multitransport Media Networking Growing875

23.9.5 Improvements in Display Management877

23.9.6 Artificial Intelligence(AI)/Neural Networks878

23.9.7 Voice Processing and Network Management879

23.10 Billing879

23.11 Security879

23.12 Training881

23.13 When to Stop Designing and Start Implementing881

23.14 Review882

Chapter 24. Design and Management Tools883

24.1 Design Tools883

24.3 Categorles of Tools884

24.2 Terminology884

24.3.1 Design Tools885

24.3.2 Configuration-Management Tools885

24.3.3 Event-Management Tools886

24.4 Classes of Design Tools886

24.4.1 Physical-Design Tool886

24.4.2 Logical-Design Tool887

24.4.3 Statistical-Design Tools887

24.4.4 Integration of the Physical,Logical.and Statistical889

24.5 Components of Design Projects889

24.5.1 Visualize890

24.5.2 Simulate890

24.5.3 Characterize890

24.5.4 Optimize890

24.5.7 Report891

24.5.5 Design891

24.5.6 Test891

24.5.8 Performance Analysls892

24.6 Types of Design Projects892

24.7 Requirements892

24.7.1 User Inputs893

24.7.2 Tool Support893

24.7.3 Reporting Capabillty894

24.7.4 User Functionality895

24.7.5 Private Line Customer Network Design Requirements896

24.7.6 Frame Relay Customer Network Design Requirements896

24.7.7 Multiprotocol Customer Network Design Requirements896

24.7.8 Customization Requirements897

24.8 Commercial Tools898

24.8.1 NetMaker XA from Make Systems898

24.7.9 Other Requirements898

24.8.2 BONES900

24.8.3 Wandl901

24.8.4 COMNET III from CACI Products Company902

24.8.5 OPNET Modeler from MIL 3903

24.8.6 PIANYST from IRI904

24.9 Summary of Design Tools905

24.10 How Oftan to Optlmize?905

24.11 Review905

Chapter 25. International Networks907

25.1 International Data Network Types907

25.2 The Changing Roie of PTTs908

25.2.1 Woridwide Divestiture and the User910

25.2.2 Dominant Public Providers and PTT3911

25.2.3 The PTTs and Global Players after 1992911

25.3.2 Importance of Location913

25.3 Transmission Networks913

25.3.1 Expensive,Poor Facilities in Developing Areas913

25.3.3 Costs914

25.4 The IVAN/IVPDN Market914

25.4.1 Foreign Service Providers914

25.4.2 International Outsourcing and Joint Partnerships915

25.5 International Design915

25.6 Review916

Appendix A Acronyms and Abbreviations917

Appendix B Standards Sources927

Appendix C IP Mask Reference Table931

Appendix D IP Network Addressing Reference933

Glossary937

Bibliography955

Index959