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Introduction1

1 Corpus creationIntroduction13

Who should design a corpus?13

A general corpus13

Outline of corpus creation14

Electronic form14

Design15

Spoken and written language15

ContentsThe author and series editors15

Permissions15

Quasi-speech16

Formal and literary language16

Foreword17

Typicality17

Design criteria17

Period18

Overall size18

Whole documents19

Sample size19

Minimal criteria20

Provisional corpus20

Processing20

Clean-text policy21

Basic provision22

Database22

Maintenance22

Sample corpora23

Different kinds of corpora23

Monitor corpora24

Features of a monitor corpus25

2 Basic text processingIntroduction27

Input28

Words and word-forms28

Text and vocabulary29

Frequency list—first occurrence30

Frequency list—alphabetical31

Frequency list—frequency order31

KWIC(Key Word in Context)32

Word frequency profiles32

Concordances32

Longer environments33

Ordering within concordances33

Concordance processing34

Text analysis statistics34

Selective information35

Intermediate categories35

New approaches36

Existing descriptions37

3 The evidence of usageIntroduction37

Native-speaker introspections39

Language in use39

Word-forms and lemmas41

Concordances42

Concordance evidence:an example44

Sense 1:to refuse47

Other senses49

Evidence:main senses53

4 Sense and structure in lexisIntroduction53

Evidence:minor senses55

Counter-examples:general56

Counter-examples:first sense57

Yield with an object58

Yielding with an object59

Yielded with an object60

Descriptive and prescriptive study60

Yield as transitive verb61

Counter-examples:second and third senses61

Doubtful cases62

First minor sense63

Conclusion65

5 Words and phrasesIntroduction67

Phrasal verbs67

Some numerical facts68

Combinations of set+particle69

The combination set in70

Sense (ⅰ)72

Sense(ⅱ)72

Verbs72

Nouns72

Minor senses73

Sundry idioms73

Setin as a phrasal verb73

Word-forms74

Subjects74

A dictionary entry75

Other phrasal verbs with set75

Conclusion78

6 The meeting of lexis and grammarIntroduction81

What is said about of81

A corpus view of of82

Frequency84

Of outside nominal groups85

Of in nominal groups85

Conventional measures85

Less conventional measures86

The status of headword86

Focus on a part87

Focus nouns87

Focus on a component,aspect,or attribute88

Focus on a specialized part88

Support89

Metaphor90

Double-headed nominal groups90

Titles90

Nominalizations91

Modification of first noun(N1)93

Fixed phrases94

Miscellaneous94

Superlative adjectives94

Mopping up94

Evaluation95

Analysis of examples in Table 196

Non-nominalinstances of of96

Nominal group96

Conclusion98

7 Evaluating instancesIntroduction99

Throw away your evidence99

Text and language102

Meaning and structure104

Procedure105

Findings107

Conclusion108

8 CollocationIntroduction109

Two models of interpretation109

The open-choice principle109

The idiom principle110

Evidence from long texts112

Collocation115

Collocation of back116

Analysis of the collocational pattern of back117

Upward collocates:back117

Downward collocates:back118

Conclusion121

9 Words about wordsIntroduction123

Structure124

About the word itself126

What people mean126

Variation in co-text126

Structure:verb explanations127

Animate subjects127

Inanimate subjects129

Mixed subjects130

Operators130

Summary132

Analysis of the second part132

First chunk132

Discussion134

Second chunk134

Applications135

Inferences and implications135

Conclusion136

Summing up137

Appendix Ⅰ139

Appendix Ⅱ150

Appendix Ⅲ154

Bibliography165

Glossary169

Index177