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1 Beginnings of Chinese Culture2

Huang Di and Yu2

—The Shang and the oracle bones4

—The Zhou and the fief system6

—The Spring and Autumn and the Warring States periods8

2 Confucius14

His life14

—The Analects18

—Moral principles18

—Humane government20

—The rigth way to live and behave24

—Principles of education and teaching methods24

—Confucianism made the state thought28

3 Lao Zi and Taoism30

Lao Zi s life30

—The Dao De Jing30

—The meaning of Dao32

—Reversion is the movement of Dao34

—Nonaction as the way of government36

—Taoism and Confucianism compared38

—Lao Zi s influence40

Mo Zi44

4 The Contention of A Hundred Schools46

—Mencius46

—Zhuang Zi48

—Han Fei52

5 Ancient Historians58

Early official historians58

—The Spring and Autumn Annals60

—Sima Qian62

—Ban Gu64

6 Dong Zhongshu and Wang Chong68

The unification of China by the Qin68

—The founding of the Han70

—Dong Zhongshu70

—The interaction between Heaven and man72

Wang Chong74

—His criticism of Dong Zhongshu76

7 The Coming of Buddhism80

Life of Sakyamuni80

—Cause and effect82

—The four noble truths84

—The coming of Buddhism to Chian88

The Southern and Northern Dynasties90

8 Pure Talk and Mysterious Learning90

—Pure Talk94

—Mysterious Learning94

—The Taoist religion94

9 Chan（Zen）Buddhism98

Chinese Buddhism98

—The beginning of Chan Buddhism98

—Huineng100

—Chan principles106

The Sui and the Tang108

10 Tang Poetry108

—Early Chinese poetry110

—The golden age of Chinese poetry112

—Li Bai114

—Du Fu116

—Bai Juyi118

11 Tang prose and Fiction122

Prose before the tang122

—Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan124

—Beginnings of fiction126

—The rise of chuanqi or short stories128

12 Wang Anshi, Sima Guang and Su Shi132

From the Tang to the Song132

—Wang Anshi136

—Sima Guang140

—Su Shi142

13 The Philosophy of Principle146

New philosophical questions discussed in the Song146

—His philosophy148

—Zhu Xi148

14 Ci-Poems in Irregular Meter154

The beginning of ci154

—Li Yu154

—Liu Yong156

—Su Shi156

—Li Qingzhao158

—Lu You160

—Xin Qiji162

—Paper166

15 The Four Great Inventions166

The compass166

—Gunpowder168

—Printing170

—The rise of the Mongols172

—The founding of the Yuan174

16 Yuna Drama176

Sanqu and zaju176

—Guan Hanqing and The Injustice Suffered by Dou E178

—The development of Drama178

—Wang Shifu and Romance of the Western Chamber182

—Ji Junxiang and The Orphan of the Zhao Family184

17 The Rebuilding of Beijing and Zheng He s Voyages188

The founding of the Ming188

—Beijing made the capital of the country190

—The rebuilding of Beijing190

—Zheng He s voyages192

—Seeds of capitalism194

Novels written in the spoken language198

18 Ming Novels198

—Romance of the Three Kingdoms200

—Water Margin204

—Journey to the West206

19 Ming Drama and Short Fiction210

Northern Drama and Southern Drama210

—Tang Xianzu and The Peony Pavilion212

—Three Volumes of Words214

—The development of short fiction214

20 Ming and Early Qing Thinkers220

Wang Shouren220

—The fall of the Ming and the founding of the Qing222

—Matteo Ricci228

—Huang Zongxi228

—Gu Yanwu232

—Wang Fuzhi234

21 Early Qing Fiction and Drama240

Strange Tales from a Scholar s Studio242

—Palace of Eternal Life244

—The Peach Blossom Fan246

—The Scholars248

22 Dream of the Red Mansions252

Cao Xueqin s life252

—Baoyu and Daiyu254

—Society revealed in the novel254

—The language of the novel256

— Red Studies258

23 Painting260

Ancient painting260

—Buddhist painting and Dunhuang grottoes262

—Landscape painting262

—Literary men s painting264

—Formats266

—Inscriptions and seals268

The Opium War270

24 The Opium War and Changes in Cultural Trends After It270

—The Treaty of Nanjing272

—Advanced ideas of some scholars274

—The westernization drive274

—The reformists276

—The failure of reform278

25 Why China s Feudal Period Was So Long282

A natural economy282

—A stable feudal political system284

—A highly-developed feudal culture286