量子引力PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

量子引力PDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

Part Ⅰ Relativistic foundations1

1 General ideas and heuristic picture3

1.1 The problem of quantum gravity3

1.1.1 Unfinished revolution3

1.1.2 How to search for quantum gravity?4

1.1.3 The physical meaning of general relativity9

1.1.4 Background-independent quantum field theory10

1.2 Loop quantum gravity13

1.2.1 Why loops?14

1.2.2 Quantum space:spin networks17

1.2.3 Dynamics in background-independent QFT22

1.2.4 Quantum spacetime:spinfoam26

1.3 Conceptual issues28

1.3.1 Physics without time29

2 General Relativity33

2.1 Formalism33

2.1.1 Gravitational field33

2.1.2 "Matter"37

2.1.3 Gauge invariance40

2.1.4 Physical geometry42

2.1.5 Holonomy and metric44

2.2 The conceptual path to the theory48

2.2.1 Einstein's first problem:a field theory for the newtonian interaction48

2.2.2 Einstein's second problem:relativity of motion52

2.2.3 The key idea56

2.2.4 Active and passive diffeomorphisms62

2.2.5 General covariance65

2.3 Interpretation71

2.3.1 Observables,predictions and coordinates71

2.3.2 The disappearance of spacetime73

2.4 Complements75

2.4.1 Mach principles75

2.4.2 Relationalism versus substantivalism76

2.4.3 Has general covariance any physical content?Kretschmann's objection78

2.4.4 Meanings of time82

2.4.5 Nonrelativistic coordinates87

2.4.6 Physical coordinates and GPS observables88

3 Mechanics98

3.1 Nonrelativistic mechanics:mechanics is about time evolution98

3.2 Relativistic mechanics105

3.2.1 Structure of relativistic systems:partial observables,relativistic states105

3.2.2 Hamiltonian mechanics108

3.2.3 Nonrelativistic systems as a special case114

3.2.4 Discussion:mechanics is about relations between observables118

3.2.5 Space of boundary data G and Hamilton function S120

3.2.6 Evolution parameters126

3.2.7 Complex variables and reality conditions128

3.3 Field theory129

3.3.1 Partial observables in field theory130

3.3.2 Relativistic hamiltonian mechanics131

3.3.3 The space of boundary data G and the Hamilton function S134

3.3.4 Hamilton-Jacobi137

3.4 Thermal time hypothesis140

4 Hamiltonian general relativity145

4.1 Einstein-Hamilton-Jacobi145

4.1.1 3d fields."The length of the electric field is the area"147

4.1.2 Hamilton function of GR and its physical meaning151

4.2 Euclidean GR and real connection153

4.2.1 Euclidean GR153

4.2.2 Lorentzian GR with a real connection155

4.2.3 Barbero connection and Immirzi parameter156

4.3 Hamiltonian GR157

4.3.1 Version 1:real SO(3,1)connection157

4.3.2 Version 2:complex SO(3)connection157

4.3.3 Configuration space and hamiltonian158

4.3.4 Derivation of the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism159

4.3.5 Reality conditions162

5 Quantum mechanics164

5.1 Nonrelativistic QM164

5.1.1 Propagator and spacetime states166

5.1.2 Kinematical state space K and"projector"P169

5.1.3 Partial observables and probabilities172

5.1.4 Boundary state space K and covariant vacuum ｜0〉174

5.1.5 Evolving constants of motion176

5.2 Relativistic QM177

5.2.1 General structure177

5.2.2 Quantization and classical limit179

5.2.3 Examples:pendulum and timeless double pendulum180

5.3 Quantum field theory184

5.3.1 Functional representation186

5.3.2 Field propagator between parallel boundary surfaces190

5.3.3 Arbitrary boundary surfaces193

5.3.4 What is a particle?195

5.3.5 Boundary state space K and covariant vacuum ｜0〉197

5.3.6 Lattice scalar product,intertwiners and spin network states198

5.4 Quantum gravity200

5.4.1 Transition amplitudes in quantum gravity200

5.4.2 Much ado about nothing:the vacuum202

5.5 Complements204

5.5.1 Thermal time hypothesis and Tomita flow204

5.5.2 The"choice"of the physical scalar product206

5.5.3 Reality conditions and scalar product208

5.6 Relational interpretation of quantum theory209

5.6.1 The observer observed210

5.6.2 Facts are interactions215

5.6.3 Information218

5.6.4 Spacetime relationalism versus quantum relationalism220

Part Ⅱ Loop quantum gravity223

6 Quantum space225

6.1 Structure of quantum gravity225

6.2 The kinematical state space K226

6.2.1 Structures in K230

6.2.2 Invariances of the scalar product231

6.2.3 Gauge-invariant and diffeomorphism-invariant states233

6.3 Internal gauge invariance.The space K0234

6.3.1 Spin network states234

6.3.2 Details about spin networks236

6.4 Diffeomorphism invariance.The space Kdiff238

6.4.1 Knots and s-knot states240

6.4.2 The Hilbert space Kdiff is separable241

6.5 Operators242

6.5.1 The connection A242

6.5.2 The conjugate momentum E243

6.6 Operators on K0246

6.6.1 The operator A(S)246

6.6.2 Quanta of area249

6.6.3 n-hand operators and recoupling theory250

6.6.4 Degenerate sector253

6.6.5 Quanta of volume259

6.7 Quantum geometry262

6.7.1 The texture of space:weaves268

7 Dynamics and matter276

7.1 Hamiltonian operator277

7.1.1 Finiteness280

7.1.2 Matrix elements282

7.1.3 Variants284

7.2 Matter:kinematics286

7.2.1 Yang-Mills286

7.2.2 Fermions287

7.2.3 Scalars288

7.2.4 The quantum states of space and matter289

7.3 Matter:dynamics and finiteness289

7.4 Loop quantum gravity291

7.4.1 Variants293

8 Applications296

8.1 Loop quantum cosmology296

8.1.1 Inflation301

8.2 Black-hole thermodynamics301

8.2.1 The statistical ensemble303

8.2.2 Derivation of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy308

8.2.3 Ringing modes frequencies311

8.2.4 The Bekenstein-Mukhanov effect312

8.3 Observable effects315

9 Quantum spacetime:spinfoams320

9.1 From loops to spinfoams321

9.2 Spinfoam formalism327

9.2.1 Boundaries328

9.3 Models329

9.3.1 3d quantum gravity331

9.3.2 BF theory340

9.3.3 The spinfoam/GFT duality343

9.3.4 BC models348

9.3.5 Group field theory356

9.3.6 Lorentzian models359

9.4 Physics from spinfoams361

9.4.1 Particles'scattering and Minkowski vacuum363

10 Conclusion366

10.1 The physical picture of loop gravity366

10.1.1 GR and QM366

10.1.2 Observables and predictions367

10.1.3 Space,time and unitarity368

10.1.4 Quantum gravity and other open problems370

10.2 What has been achieved and what is missing?371

Part Ⅲ Appendices375

Appendix A Groups and recoupling theory377

A1 SU(2):spinors,intertwiners,n-j symbols377

A2 Recoupling theory383

A2.1 Penrose binor calculus383

A2.2 KL recoupling theory385

A2.3 Normalizations388

A3 SO(n)and simple representations390

Appendix B History393

B1 Three main directions393

B2 Five periods396

B2.1 The Prehistory:1930-1957398

B2.2 The Classical Age:1958-1969400

B2.3 The Middle Ages:1970-1983403

B2.4 The Renaissance:1984-1994407

B2.5 Nowadays:1995-410

B3 The divide412

Appendix C On method and truth415

C1 The cumulative aspects of scientific knowledge415

C2 On realism420

C3 On truth422

References424

Index450