Cerebrospinal Fluid In Health And In Disease Third EditionPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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CHAPTER Ⅰ HISTORY OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID21

Knowledge of Existence of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Pathologic Conditions21

Discovery of the Existence of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Normal Individuals25

Investigations Concerning the Physiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid28

Discovery of Methods of Removing Cerebrospinal Fluid From the Living30

Modern Research on Cerebrospinal Fluid38

CHAPTER Ⅱ ANATOMY OF THE STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID43

The Ventricles43

The Chorioid Plexus44

The Meninges47

The Subarachnoid Spaces48

The Cisterns49

Communications50

Pacchionian Bodies52

CHAPTER Ⅲ PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID54

Rate of Formation54

Circulation54

Rate of Absorption55

Channels of Absorption57

Permeability58

Function61

Origin63

CHAPTER Ⅳ NORMAL CEREBROSPINAL FLUID．PRESSURE72

Type of Apparatus73

Position of the Needle80

Previous Withdrawal of Fluid80

Age81

Position of the Patient81

Site of Puncture82

Intracranial Arterial and Venous Pressures83

The Queckenstedt Sign84

Rate of Formation and Rate of Absorption84

Brain Volume85

Summary85

CHAPTER Ⅴ NORMAL CEREBROSPINAL FLUID．PHYSICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES88

Physical Properties89

Amount89

Color89

Lack of Sediment89

Physicochemical Properties90

Specific Gravity90

Conductivity91

Surface Tension91

Viscosity91

Refractometric Index91

Freezing Point92

Spectroscopic Analysis92

Crystallization92

Reaction of Normal Cerebrospinal Fluid95

Alkali Reserve104

CHAPTER Ⅵ NORMAL CEREBROSPINAL FLUID．CHEMICAL PROPERTIES108

Early Investigations109

Recent Investigations111

Inorganic Constituents111

Total Solids111

Calcium112

Magnesium113

Sodium and Potassium114

Chlorides114

Inorganic Phosphorus115

Other Inorganic Substances116

Organic Constituents117

Organic Matter and Organic Index117

Total Protein118

Nitrogen119

Sugar120

Cholesterol122

Lactic Acid122

Cholin122

Organic Phosphorus122

Urobilin and Bilirubin123

Other Organic Constituents123

Comparison of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Chemistry123

CHAPTER Ⅶ NORMAL CEREBROSPINAL FLUID．BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND CYTOLOGY133

Catalase133

Amylase133

Oxidase134

Diastase134

Proteolase134

Lipase134

Glycolytic Ferment134

Opsonin134

Alexin134

Hemolysin134

Toxicity135

Antitoxins135

Bactericidal Action135

Cytology135

Type of Cell137

CHAPTER Ⅷ PATHOLOGIC CEREBROSPINAL FLUID．GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS139

Infection of the Meninges139

Irritation of the Meninges144

Trauma and Other Factors147

CHAPTER Ⅸ PATHOLOGIC CEREBROSPINAL FLUID．PHYSICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES149

Physical Changes149

Color149

Increase in Amount of Obtainable Fluid149

Pressure150

Foam150

Pellicle，Coagulum or Sediment151

Physicochemical Changes154

Spectrum Analysis155

Crystallization155

Turbidity158

Protein Charges159

The Colloidal Gold Reaction163

Mastic Reaction163

Benzoin Reaction163

Other Colloidal Tests164

Ninhydrin Reaction164

Changes in the Reaction of the Cerebrospinal Fluid164

Precipitation173

Permeability of the Meninges176

Bromide Test of Walter177

Biologic Tests178

CHAPTER Ⅹ PATHOLOGIC CEREBROSPINAL FLUID．CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES179

Chemical Changes179

Inorganic Constituents179

Chlorides179

Calcium180

Magnesium180

Sodium and Potassium180

Inorganic Phosphorus181

Lead181

Arsenic181

Organic Constituents182

Permanganate Reduction or Organic Index182

Protein182

Albumoses184

Urea，Uric Acid and Creatininc184

Sugar185

Cholesterol188

Lactic Acid189

Cholin189

Acetone189

Bilirubin189

Cytological Changes190

Prognostic Value of Cytology of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Purulent Meningitis194

Enzymes194

Catalase194

Diastase195

Other Enzymes195

Bacteriologic195

Immunologic197

Agglutination197

Inhibition of Saponin Hemolysis197

Hemolysin198

Wassermann Reaction198

Toxicity199

CHAPTER Ⅺ RELATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID TO VARIOUS FACTORS202

Relation of Cerebrospinal Fluid to the Time of Day202

Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid With the Age of Fluid202

Cerebrospinal Fluid From Different Loci203

Postmortem Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid206

CHAPTER Ⅻ METHODS OF OBTAINING CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FROM THE LIVING BODY209

Lumbar Puncture209

Indications210

Contraindications214

Reactions Following Removal of Cerebrospinal Fluid214

Technic of Lumbar Puncture218

The Spinal Puncture Needle223

Failure to Obtain Fluid226

The Presence of Blood in the Fluid229

Collection of the Fluid229

Ventricular Puncture231

Cistern Puncture235

Indications236

Technic236

Failure and Untoward Effects237

Special Methods239

Combined Puncturd239

Ventriculography239

Myelography and Eneephalography239

Lipiodol Injections240

Orbital Puncture242

Epidural Injections242

Sacral Anesthesia242

Spinal Anesthesia243

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ METHODS OF EXAMINATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FOR DIAGNOSTIC PURPOSES245

Physical245

Color245

Foam246

Film or Pellicle246

Pressure247

Queckenstedt＇s Sign248

Phenolsulphonephthalein Test for Determination of Type of Hydrocephalus248

Chemical249

Globulin Tests249

RossJones249

NonneApelt250

Pandy251

Noguchi251

Kaplan252

Weichbrodt＇s Reaction252

Boltz Test252

Braun-Husler Reaction253

Alcohol Reaction253

Takata-Ara Reaction253

Taccone Test253

Sulphosalicylic Acid-Mercurie Chloride Method254

Relative Value of the Globulin Tests254

The Permanganate Test255

Boveri Test256

Ninhydrin Reaction for Albumoses (Nobel-Kafka)256

Quantitative Tests for Protein257

Method of Nisal257

Sugar258

Chlorides261

Physicochemical Methods263

H-ion Concentration263

Lange Gold Chloride Test264

Mastic Test269

Benzoin Test271

Relative Value of Colloidal Reactions271

Tests for Meningeal Permeability272

Nitrate Test of Mestrezat272

Uranin Test of Jervell273

Cytologic Examination273

The French Method of Cell Counting273

Chamber Method of Cell Counting274

Comparative Value of the Two Methods276

Type of Cells277

Bacteriologic278

Culture Media278

Direct Smear279

Immunologic279

Agglutination of Meningococei279

Precipitation of Cerebrospinal Fluid With Antimentingococeus Serum284

Guinea Pig Inoculation284

Saponin Reaction285

The Wassermann Reaction286

Kahn Test288

Peterman Microprecipitation Test292

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN VARIOUS DISEASES295

Infectious Meningitides295

Tuberculous Meningitis295

Meningococcus Meningitis307

Staphylococcus Meningitis309

Influenza Meningitis309

Colon Meningitis311

Typhoid Meningitis311

Anthrax Meningitis311

Rare Forms of Meningitis311

Syphilis312

General Paresis315

Tabes Dorsalis315

Syphilitie Meningitis315

Other Diseases of the Central Nervous System316

Tetanus316

Huntington＇s Chorea316

Epilepsy316

Rabies317

Herpes Zoster317

Postdiphtheritie Paralysis317

Alcoholic Psychoses319

Manic-Depressive Psyenoses319

Dementia Precox and Paranoia319

Hemorrhage of the Brain320

Skull Fracture320

Pachymeningitis Hemorrhagiea Externa320

Pachymeningitis Hermorrhagiea Interna320

Cerebral Thrombosis321

Encephalitis321

Abscess of the Brain322

Parasitic Cysts of the Brain323

Tumor of the Brain323

Tuberculoma323

Froin＇s Syndrome (Massive Coagulation)323

Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis324

Multiple Sclerosis330

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis330

Syringomyelia330

Paralysis Agitans330

Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Cord330

Spinal Muscular Atrophy330

Cerebral Arteriosclerosis330

Other Degenerative Conditions331

Acute Infectious Diseases Without Organic Involvement of the Central Nervous System331

Meningism331

Pneumonia332

Mumps333

Pertussis334

Scarlet Fever334

Typhoid334

Meningitis Sympathiea334

Acute Mastoiditis Otitis Media and Sinusitis335

Lateral Sinus Thrombosis335

Serum Meningitis335

General and Metaboliec Diseases336

Uremia336

Diabetes Mellitus336

Jaundice336

Trichinosis337

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN341

Cerebrospinal Fluid in Normal Newborn，in Infants and in Children342

Normal Newborn342

Normal Infants and Children343

Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diseases Peculiar to Infancy and Childhood345

Cerebral Hemorrhage of the Newborn345

Hydrocephalus345

Spina Bifida346

Amaurotic Family Idiocy346

Mongolian Idiocy347

Little＇s Disease347

Convulsions in Infancy347

Spasmophilia348

Alimentary Disturbances349

Congenital Syphilis349

Chorea of Sydenham350

Meningitis351

Meningitis of the Newborn351

Meningitis in Infants and Children351

Serous Meningitis354

Pachymeningitis Hemorrhagiea Interna354

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ INTRATHECAL TREATMENT357

Intrathecal Treatment of Meningococcus Meningitis357

Technic359

Dosage361

Agglutination365

Untoward Effects of Serum364

Intrathecal Treatment of Pneumococcus Meningitis366

Intrathecal Treatment of Streptococcus Meningitis367

Intrathecal Treatment of Tuberculous Meningitis367

Intrathecal Treatment of Influenza Meningitis367

Intrathecal Treatment of Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis368

INtrathecal Treatment of Syphilis of The Nervous Syatem368

Intrathecal Treatment of Tetanus370

Intrathecal Treatment of Chorea370

Spinal Drainage and Lavage371

APPENDIX MONOGRAPHS ON CEREBROSPINAL FLUID373