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Chapter Ⅰ Coherent Organization of Discourse1

Section 1 The Structure of Discourse(1):The Paragraph,the Discourse and the One-paragraph Discourse2

Ⅰ．Sample:1 A Paragraph from"The Love of Beauty"2

2 An Abstract of a Defining Article"Abstract"3

3 A Summary of"Exploring Moderators of Gender Differences:Contextual Differences in Door-holding Behavior"3

Ⅱ．Lecture:The Paragraph,the Discourse,and the One-paragraph Discourse4

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises9

Ⅳ．Writing10

Section 2 The Structure of Discourse(2):The Multi-paragraph Discourse11

Ⅰ．Sample:The World's First Completely Automatic Railway11

Ⅱ．Lecture:The Multi-paragraph Discourse13

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises20

Ⅳ．Writing22

Section 3 The Qualities of Discourse(1):Unity,Coherence,Clarity and Brevity23

Ⅰ．Sample:1 Good Bad Books23

2 Speech by IPC President Craven at Beijing Paralympics Opening Ceremony26

Ⅱ．Lecture:Unity,Coherence,Clarity and Brevity28

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises37

Ⅳ．Writing41

Section 4 The Qualities of Discourse(2):Substantiality,Emphasis,Balance,Variation and Appropriateness42

Ⅰ．Sample:1 Majora Carter42

2 A Leaf from Heaven43

Ⅱ．Lecture:Substantiality,Emphasis,Balance,Variation and Appropriateness46

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises53

Ⅳ．Writing56

Section 5 Composing a Discourse:Outlining and Drafting57

Ⅰ．Sample:Time's Person of the Year:You57

Ⅱ．Lecture:Outlining and Drafting60

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises64

Ⅳ．Writing67

Section 6 Modes of Discourse(1):Descriptive68

Ⅰ．Sample:1 The Landscape of Wiltshire68

2 The Middle Passage Ship69

Ⅱ．Lecture:Developing Paragraphs by Description71

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises77

Ⅳ．Writing78

Section 7 Modes of Discourse(2):Narrative79

Ⅰ．Sample:I Am Prepared to Die79

Ⅱ．Lecture:Developing Paragraphs by Narration82

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises85

Ⅳ．Writing86

Section 8 Modes of Discourse(3):Expository-Deduction,Induction and Definition87

Ⅰ．Sample:1 H1N1 Virus Attacks Deep into the Lungs87

2 The Newtonian Relativity Principle88

3 Nonrenewable Resources89

Ⅱ．Lecture:Developing Paragraphs by Deduction,Induction and Definition90

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises97

Ⅳ．Writing98

Section 9 Modes of Discourse(4):Expository—Classification and Exemplification99

Ⅰ．Sample:1 Science and Ethics99

2 A Man to Remember101

Ⅱ．Lecture:Developing Paragraphs by Classification and Exemplification101

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises107

Ⅳ．Writing109

Section 10 Modes of Discourse(5):Expository—Comparison/Contrast and Cause-Effect110

Ⅰ．Sample:1 Japan and the USA:Different but Alike110

2 A Scientific Experiment111

Ⅱ．Lecture:Developing Paragraphs by Comparison/Contrast and Cause-Effect113

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises120

Ⅳ．Writing121

Section 11 Modes of Discourse(6):Argumentative—Organization122

Ⅰ．Sample:The Neanderthal Should Be Classified as a Subspecies of Modern Man122

Ⅱ．Lecture:Structural Organization of Argumentative Writing125

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises130

Ⅳ．Writing131

Section 12 Modes of Discourse(7):Argumentative—Development132

Ⅰ．Sample:Letter from Birmingham Jail132

Ⅱ．Lecture:Developing Paragraphs by Argumentation135

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises141

Ⅳ．Writing143

Chapter Ⅱ Correct and Effective Construction of Sentences145

Section 1 Correct Use of Sentences in Grammar:Avoiding Syntactical Faults146

Ⅰ．Sample:Carlyle Sharpe:A Campus Mainstay146

Ⅱ．Lecture:Avoiding Syntactical Faults148

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises156

Ⅳ．Writing158

Section 2 Grammatical Structure with Rhetorical Effect(1):A Rhetorical Process of Sentence Construction159

Ⅰ．Sample:Yahooligans at the Window159

Ⅱ．Lecture:A Rhetorical Process of Sentence Construction161

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises169

Ⅳ．Writing171

Section 3 Grammatical Structure with Rhetorical Effect(2):Rhetorical Use of Sentences in Grammatical Patterns172

Ⅰ．Sample:1 Man and Food172

2 Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003172

3 The Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies173

4 I Have a Dream173

5 Spots Narrative—Track State Champion174

6 Inspection(Prior to Palpation)174

Ⅱ．Lecture:Rhetorical Use of Sentences in Grammatical Patterns175

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises184

Ⅳ．Writing186

Section 4 Grammatical Structure with Rhetorical Effect(3):Rhetorical Division of Sentences187

Ⅰ．Sample:1 Google Yourself—And Enjoy It187

2 Of Studies189

Ⅱ．Lecture:Rhetorical Division of Sentences190

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises195

Ⅳ．Writing196

Section 5 Figurative Use of Sentences(1):Deviated from Norm,Appropriate in Style(A)197

Ⅰ．Sample:I Have a Dream197

Ⅱ．Lecture:Schemes and Related Syntactical Devices201

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises208

Ⅳ．Writing209

Section 6 Figurative Use of Sentences(2):Deviated from Norm,Appropriate in Style(B)210

Ⅰ．Sample:1 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer210

2 We Shall Fight on the Beaches211

3 Nine ETA Bombing Suspects Arrested212

4 Children's Rhyme213

Ⅱ．Lecture:More Schemes and Related Syntactical Devices213

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises221

Ⅳ．Writing222

Chapter Ⅲ Correct and Effective Use of Words223

Section 1 Grammatical Use of Words:Correct in Grammar225

Ⅰ．Sample:1 Haley Huddles with Top GOP Strategists225

2 Bomb Went Off226

3 Welcome to Pride in Diversity226

4 A Northwest Distaste for Nuclear Power227

5 Cairngorm Funicular Severely Criticized by Public Audit Committee227

6 70 Percent of Chinese Women Content with Their Lives228

Ⅱ．Lecture:Correct Use of Words in Grammar228

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises237

Ⅳ．Writing238

Section 2 Semantic Use of Words:Correct and Accurate in Meaning239

Ⅰ．Sample:1 A Guide to Understanding Animals'Scientific Names239

2 NAACP's New Chairwoman Hopes to Broaden Group's Base241

Ⅱ．Lecture:Correct and Accurate in Meaning242

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises248

Ⅳ．Writing250

Section 3 Stylistic Choice of Words(1):Correct in Grammar,Appropriate in Style251

Ⅰ．Sample:1 Where Else Dogs and Cats Are Eaten251

2 Everybody Got Their Something252

3 In the Workplace,Loyalty Is a Sometime Thing252

4 Oscar Awards Portrayed an America Without Hope253

5 Six Principles for Making New Things253

Ⅱ．Lecture:Correct in Grammar,Appropriate in Style254

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises263

Ⅳ．Writing264

Section 4 Stylistic Choice of Words(2):Proper in Meaning,Appropriate in Style265

Ⅰ．Sample:1 Job Application Letter265

2 Personal Letter267

Ⅱ．Lecture:Proper in Meaning,Appropriate in Style268

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises273

Ⅳ．Writing275

Section 5 Figurative Use of Words(1):Deviated from Norm,Appropriate in Style(A)276

Ⅰ．Sample:1 All Quiet on the Western Front276

2 We Are as the Deer277

3 Call of the Mild278

4 Rosa Multiflora279

5 Romeo and Juliet280

Ⅱ．Lecture:Tropes and Related Lexical Devices280

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises287

Ⅳ．Writing289

Section 6 Figurative Use of Words(2):Deviated from Norm,Appropriate in Style(B)290

Ⅰ．Sample:1 Argument of H.S.Fitch,esq290

2 Obama:Clinton MLK Comments"Ludicrous"291

3 On Nature and Science292

4 A Telephone Call292

Ⅱ．Lecture:More Tropes and Related Lexical Devices293

Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises299

Ⅳ．Writing301

Reference Books and Articles303