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1 History of Optics1

1.1 Past1

1.2 Present5

1.3 Future7

Problems8

2 The Main Areas of Optics9

2.1 Geometrical Optics9

2.2 Wave Optics10

2.3 Quantum Optics11

2.4 Statistical Optics12

3 Fundamentals of Wave Optics15

3.1 Maxwell's Equations15

3.2 The Wave Equation17

3.3 Wayes18

3.3.1 One-Dimensional Waves18

3.3.2 Plane Waves21

3.3.3 Spherical Waves22

3.3.4 Bessel Waves23

3.4 Intensity of a Light Wave25

Problems28

4 Coherence31

4.1 Temporal Coherence31

4.2 Spatial Coherence39

4.3 Spatiotemporal Coherence46

4.4 Complex Representation of the Light Field48

4.5 Stellar Interferometry49

4.6 Fourier Spectroscopy51

4.7 Intensity Correlation53

Problems55

5 Multiple-Beam Interference59

5.1 Fabry-Perot Interferometer59

5.2 Mode Spectrum ofa Laser66

5.2.1 Interference Spectroscopy67

5.2.2 Difference-Frequency Analysis69

5.3 Dual-Recycling Interferometer71

Problems73

6 Speckles75

6.1 Intensity Statistics76

6.2 Speckle Sizes78

6.3 Speckle Photography82

6.3.1 Double-Exposure Technique84

6.3.2 Time-Average Technique87

6.4 Flow Diagnostics90

6.5 Stellar Speckle Interferometry93

Problems96

7 Holography99

7.1 Principle of Holography99

7.1.1 Hologram Recording100

7.1.2 Image Reconstruction102

7.1.3 Location of the Images104

7.1.4 Phase Conjugation106

7.2 The Imaging Equations of Holography108

7.3 Holographic Arrangements112

7.3.1 In-line Holograms112

7.3.2 Reflection Holograms113

7.3.3 Transmission Holograms114

7.3.4 White-Light Holograms116

7.3.5 Rainbow Holograms118

7.3.6 Holographic Cinematography120

7.4 Digital Holography120

7.4.1 Direct Simulation121

7.4.2 Simulation with Square Light Waves128

Problems130

8 Interferometry133

8.1 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer133

8.2 Sagnac Interferometer134

8.3 Holographic Interferometry138

8.3.1 Real-Time Method138

8.3.2 Double-Exposure Method138

8.3.3 Time-Average Method140

8.4 Theory of Holographic Interferometry140

8.4.1 Real-Time and Double-Exposure Method140

8.4.2 Time-Average Method142

8.4.3 Time-Average Method in Real Time143

Problems145

9 Fourier Optics147

9.1 Scalar Diffraction Theory147

9.1.1 Fresnel Approximation148

9.1.2 Fraunhofer Approximation150

9.2 Fourier Transform by a Lens152

9.3 Optical Fourier Spectra153

9.3.1 Point Source154

9.3.2 Plane Wave154

9.3.3 Infinitely Long Slit155

9.3.4 Two Point Sources158

9.3.5 Cosine Grating158

9.3.6 Circular Aperture160

9.3.7 Compound Diffracting Systems162

9.4 Coherent Optical Filtering164

9.4.1 Low-Pass Filter or Spatial Frequency Filter165

9.4.2 High-Pass Filter or Dark Field Method166

9.4.3 Phase Filter or Phase Contrast Method168

9.4.4 Half-Plane Filter or Schlieren Method169

9.4.5 Raster Elimination170

9.4.6 Demonstration Experiment171

9.4.7 Holographic Filters172

9.4.8 Pattern Recognition174

Problems177

10 Nonlinear Dynamics of the Laser179

10.1 The Laser Principle179

10.2 Laser Rate Equations181

10.3 Stationary Operation185

10.4 Stability Analysis186

10.5 Chaotic Dynamics191

Problems197

11 Nonlinear Optics199

11.1 Two-Wave Interaction199

11.1.1 Two-Photon Absorption200

11.1.2 Two-Photon Ionization201

11.2 Three-Wave Interaction202

11.2.1 Second-Harmonic Generation202

11.2.2 Sum-Frequency Generation202

11.2.3 Difference-Frequency Generation203

11.2.4 Optical Parametric Amplifier204

11.3 Four-Wave Interaction204

11.4 Multi-photon Interaction205

11.4.1 Frequency Multiplication205

11.4.2 Multi-photon Absorption and Ionization206

11.5 Further Nonlinear Optical Phenomena207

11.6 Nonlinear Potentials208

11.7 Interaction of Light Waves210

11.7.1 Three-Wave Interaction212

11.7.2 Scalar Three-Wave Interaction218

11.7.3 Second-Harmonic Generation219

11.7.4 Optical Parametric Amplifier222

11.7.5 Optical Parametric Oscillator223

11.7.6 Three-Wave Interaction in the Photon Picture224

Problems226

12 Fiber Optics229

12.1 Glass Fibers230

12.1.1 Profile230

12.1.2 Guided Waves231

12.1.3 Attenuation233

12.2 Fiber Sensors235

12.3 Optical Solitons236

12.3.1 Dispersion237

12.3.2 Nonlinearity241

12.4 Fiber-Optic Signal Processing245

Problems246

A Appendix249

A.1 The Fourier Transform249

A.1.1 One-Dimensional Fourier Transform249

A.1.2 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform250

A.1.3 Convolution and Autocorrelation251

A.1.4 Properties of the Fourier Transform252

A.1.5 Selected Functions and Their Fourier Transforms254

Problems254

A.2 Solutions to Problems257

Index281