SCIENTIFIC PROTOCOLS FOR FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF CLOTHINGPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Protocols, Procedures, and Philosophy1

1.1 The Importance of Clothing Examination1

1.2 Clothing a "Crime Scene"2

1.3 Multiple Hypotheses, Alternative Explanations3

1.4 The Origin of Evidence4

1.5 Searching for Evidence and the Screening Effect5

1.6 Checklists, Guidelines, and Protocols6

1.7 Nonprescriptive Holistic Approach7

1.8 References7

2 Preliminary Inquiries9

2.1 Focus of the Examination9

2.2 Information Concerning the Crime9

2.3 Levels of Information10

2.3.1 Description vs. Identification10

2.3.2 Data, Results, Conclusions, Interpretations11

2.3.3 Stability of Information11

2.4 History of Exhibit11

2.5 Reference and Control Samples12

2.6 Preservation, Handling, and Storage13

2.7 Contamination Issues14

2.8 Health and Safety14

2.9 References15

3 Preliminary Assessment17

3.1 Documentation17

3.2 Detection18

3.3 Recovery20

3.4 Clothing Construction21

3.5 Yarn and Fabric Composition23

3.6 Yarns or Threads23

3.7 Fabric24

3.7.1 Weave24

3.7.2 Knit26

3.7.3 Felts, Leather, and Other"Non-Wovens"27

3.8 Definitions28

3.9 Sewing Terminology28

3.10 Clothing Construction Terminology29

3.11 References29

4 Stains and Deposits31

4.1 Introduction31

4.2 Information from Preliminary Examination34

4.2.1 Overview34

4.2.2 Class of Material36

4.2.3 Appearance of Deposit36

4.2.4 Manner of Deposit36

4.2.5 Sequence of Deposit and Time of Deposit38

4.2.6 Deposit from the Outside or the Inside Surface38

4.2.7 Direct or Indirect Transfer39

4.2.8 Alteration39

4.2.9 Wear42

4.2.10 Alteration from Immersion in Water and Alteration from Burning44

4.2.11 Alteration from the Examination45

4.2.12 Relationship to Other Stains, Deposits, or Damage45

4.3 Getting Started: Workflow for Examination of Stains and Deposits49

4.3.1 Examining Individual Stains and Deposits53

4.3.2 Smears and Directional Contact Deposits53

4.3.3 Projected Stains and Deposits — Spatters, Scatters,and Splashes57

4.3.4 Grouped Stains, Deposits, and Damage57

4.3.5 Comparing Stains and Deposits on Different Items59

4.4 Sampling of Stains and Deposits62

4.4.1 Basis for Sampling62

4.4.2 Preliminary Sampling63

4.4.3 Crusts and Films63

4.4.4 Caked Deposits and Heterogeneous Agglomerates64

4.4.5 Powdery Deposits64

4.4.6 Stains65

4.4.7 Viscous Deposits65

4.5 Questions That Can Be Addressed by Stains and Deposits65

4.6 Sorting Tools for Stains and Deposits66

4.6.1 Sorting Tools for Preliminary Evaluation66

4.6.2 Sorting Tools for Examining Samples Receivedfrom Another Examiner66

4.7 Establishing a Reference Collection66

4.8 Writing Reports68

4.9 Summary69

4.10 Terminology for Stains and Deposits71

4.10.1 Terminology for Appearance71

4.10.2 Terminology for Manner of Deposit72

4.11 References72

5 Pattern Evidence75

5.1 Blood Pattern Analysis (BPA)75

5.1.1 Impact Blood Spatter79

5.1.1.1 Gunshot79

5.1.1.2 Beating and Stabbing79

5.1.2 Projected Blood Spatter80

5.1.2.1 Expirated Blood80

5.1.2.2 Arterial Spurt81

5.1.2.3 Cast-Off Spatter82

5.1.2.4 Secondary Spatter82

5.1.3 Directionality83

5.1.4 Clotted Blood83

5.1.5 Transfer Bloodstain Patterns and Contact Bloodstains83

5.1.6 Altered Bloodstain Patterns85

5.1.7 Limitations87

5.1.8 BPA Terminology Suggested for Use in Clothing Examination87

5.2 Firearm Discharge Residue Patterns88

5.3 Direct Contact Impressions: Imprints and Indentations90

5.3.1 Fingerprints91

5.3.2 Footwear91

5.3.3 Tire Marks91

5.3.4 Lipstick Prints93

5.3.5 Weapon, Tool, and Object Marks93

5.3.6 Fabric Impressions93

5.4 Physical Fit94

5.5 References94

6 Damage97

6.1 Introduction97

6.2 Damage Categories98

6.3 Examination Approach101

6.4 Normal Wear and Tear and "Recency"104

6.5 Cuts105

6.6 Tears108

6.7 Holes and Punctures110

6.8 Stabbing110

6.9 Simulations113

6.10 Physical Fit114

6.11 Glass Cuts114

6.12 Microbial Damage115

6.13 Thermal (Fire and Heat) Damage116

6.14 Firearm Damage117

6.15 Other Textiles120

6.16 Limitations120

6.17 Glossary of Terms120

6.18 References121

7 Human Biological Evidence123

7.1 Blood124

7.1.1 Testing for Blood124

7.2 Semen127

7.2.1 Testing for Semen128

7.3 Saliva131

7.3.1 Testing for Saliva133

7.4 Vaginal Secretions, Urine, Feces, and Vomit133

7.4.1 Vaginal Secretions133

7.4.2 Urine133

7.4.3 Feces134

7.4.4 Vomit134

7.5 Dandruff134

7.6 DNA135

7.7 Wearer DNA137

7.8 Trace DNA137

7.9 Multiple Body Sources138

7.10 Mixtures139

7.11 Nonhuman Biological Evidence140

7.12 Conclusion140

7.13 References141

8 Traces and Debris145

8.1 The Nature of Debris146

8.2 Sorting Tools for Evaluating Traces and Debris146

8.3 Composition of Debris147

8.3.1 Normal Debris vs. Foreign Debris147

8.3.2 Individual Types of Material vs. Sets of Debris149

8.4 Component vs. Non-Component Debris150

8.5 Transfers of Debris150

8.5.1 Transfers of Individual Types of Material151

8.5.1.1 Paint151

8.5.1.2 Glass154

8.5.1.3 Hair156

8.5.1.4 Fibers160

8.5.1.5 Gunpowder Particles161

8.5.1.6 Soil and Sand161

8.5.1.7 Pollen, Spores, Wood, and Other Plant Parts163

8.5.1.8 Insects and Insect Parts164

8.5.1.9 Cosmetics and Glitter164

8.5.1.10 Foam Rubber and Plastics165

8.5.1.11 Lubricants from Condoms, Contraceptive Creams,and Related Materials167

8.5.1.12 Soot and Other Black Smudges168

8.5.1.13 Beads and Spheres from Welding, Soldering,Burning, and Incineration168

8.5.1.14 Materials from Evidence Packaging170

8.5.2 Transfer via Direct or Indirect Contact171

8.5.3 Transfer, Persistence, and Detection174

8.5.3.1 The Problem of Detection174

8.5.3.2 Evaluating Transfer and Persistence176

8.6 Questions That Can Be Addressed by Examinations of Traces and Debris177

8.7 Questions of Contact181

8.8 Target vs. Context-Based Examinations182

8.9 Absence of Debris182

8.10 Summary: Nature, Composition, Source, and Transfers of Traces and Debris184

8.11 Sampling and Sorting184

8.11.1 Sampling Rationale185

8.11.2 Sampling Criteria186

8.11.3 Sequence of Sampling and Collection188

8.11.4 Techniques for Sampling and Collection189

8.11.4.1 Sample Size and Composition189

8.11.4.2 Sampling and Sorting Techniques189

8.11.4.3 Special Problems in Sample Collection193

8.11.5 Collecting Samples for Target Examinations194

8.11.6 Collecting Samples for Context-Based Examinations195

8.12 Reference Samples and Reference Standards196

8.12.1 Reference Samples196

8.12.2 Reference Standards196

8.12.3 Primary and Secondary Reference Samples197

8.13 Reconstruction of Events198

8.14 Process-Based Descriptive Terminology for Traces and Debris199

8.15 Trace Evidence Recovery Guidelines200

8.16 References201

9 Results and Their Significance205

9.1 Significance of the Evidence205

9.2 Expectations206

9.3 Context of Evidence Obtained from Clothing207

9.4 Objectivity and Opinion208

9.5 The Adversarial System and the Law209

9.6 Interpretation and Communication of the Evidence209

9.7 Peer, Technical, and Administrative Reviews210

9.8 Training and Maintaining the Expertise of the Clothing Examiner211

9.9 References212

Appendix 1213

Appendix 2215

Appendix 3217

Appendix 4219

Index221