CIVILIAN OR COMBATANT？ A CHALLENGE FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURYPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Chapter 1: The Distinction between Combatants and Civilians,a Cornerstone of International Humanitarian Law1

Ⅰ. The Distinction in History: Ethics, Law, and Political Philosophy1

A. Civilians as Incidental Victims of War: From Association with Territories, Leadership, and Population to the Emergence of the Nation State2

B. First Attempts and Regulations to Limit War and Protect Civilians6

C. The Emergence of an Ethic of Protection11

Ⅱ. The Distinction as a Cornerstone of Modern International Humanitarian Law13

A. The Legalization of War: The Laws of War13

B. The Role of International Humanitarian Law Regarding the Distinction in the Twenty-First Century: New Challenges16

C. Ethics20

Ⅲ. Conclusion24

Chapter 2: The Distinction between Civilians and Combatants27

Ⅰ. The Principle of Distinction28

A. Who Is a Civilian? A Civilian Is a Noncombatant29

1. The Distinction Relies on a Negative Definition29

a. Protection of Civilians, Civilian Populations, and Civilian Property31

b. Violations of the Principle of Distinction33

2. The Rationale35

B. Who Is a Combatant? A Specific Definition37

1. Who Is a Combatant?37

2. Other Categories of Combatants40

a. Rebels, Terrorists, and Insurgents40

b. Civilians Who Take Part in Hostilities42

c. Mercenaries and Spies43

d. Prisoners of War45

e. The Sick, the Wounded, and the Hors de Combat48

C. Legitimate Military Targets49

Ⅱ. The Distinction in Customary International Law54

A. What Are Customary Rules of Humanitarian Law?54

B. The ICRC Study57

Ⅲ. Conclusion59

Chapter 3: Protection Afforded to Civilians and Rights of Combatants61

1. Analysis of the Protection Afforded to Civilians61

A. The Aim of Geneva Convention IV and the Additional Protocols61

1. Protection of Civilians as a Principle62

2. Illustrations of Protection from Effects of War and from Attacks: Articles 31-34 GCIV63

3. Illustrations of Civilian Protection Granted by Additional Protocol I64

4. Illustrations of Civilian Protection in Non International Armed Conflicts66

5. Rights and Fundamental Guarantees68

B. Protection of Civilian Property70

Ⅱ. Concrete Examples of Protection to Civilians71

A. Safe Zones72

B. Extra Protection Afforded to Civilians75

1. Protection75

2. Extra Protection for Women77

3. Extra Protection for Children78

C. Refugees and Internally Displaced People81

1. Internally Displaced Persons: IDPs81

2. Refugees82

D. Journalists84

1. Journalists Are Civilians84

2. Embedded Journalists87

3. Freelance Journalists88

4. Military Journalists89

5. Debates Regarding Journalism at War89

E. Occupied Territories94

Ⅲ. Conclusion99

Chapter 4: The Shift between Categories101

Ⅰ. From Civilian to Combatant102

A. The Concept of Direct Participation in Hostilities102

B. The ICRC Study105

C. The Protection Afforded to Civilians Who Participate in Hostilities108

D. A Sensitive Case: Human Shields110

Ⅱ. The Blurring of the Concept of Combatant112

A. Additional Protocol I and the Extension of the Status of Combatants and Prisoners of War113

1. Extension of the Status of Combatants113

2. Extension of the Status of POW115

B. Lawful and Unlawful/Unprivileged Combatants116

1. Who Are Unlawful Combatants?116

2. The Argument Against the Notion117

3. In Practice: the U.S.and Israel119

Ⅲ. Civilians or Combatants? The Privatization of War122

A. Mercenaries122

1. Who Is a Mercenary?122

2. Evolution125

B. Private Military and Security Companies127

1. What are Private Military/Security Companies?127

2. Obligations under International Humanitarian Law128

3. Combatants or Civilians?130

C. Civilians Working for an Army131

Ⅳ. Conclusion132

Chapter 5: Concrete Challenges: the Evolution of War—Asymmetric Conflicts, Terrorism, and Weapon Technology133

Ⅰ. The Definition of Asymmetric Conflict134

A. What Is an Asymmetric Conflict?134

B. Asymmetric Con flict in the Twenty-First Century: A Challenge136

Ⅱ. Wars of Self-Determination and Armed Struggles: The Distinction During Wars of National Liberation138

A. War of Self-Determination138

B. International Humanitarian Law and Wars of Self-Determination139

1. Applicable Law139

2. Limits of These International Documents141

3. Protection of Civilians142

Ⅲ. Terrorism and the Principle of Distinction145

A. What Is Terrorism under International Humanitarian Law?145

B. The War on Terror148

1. Is the War on Terror an Armed Conflict?149

2. International Humanitarian Law Does Not Apply to Terrorists?150

3. Humanitarian Law Does Apply to Terrorists151

Ⅳ. Weapons and the Principle of Distinction152

A. A New Behavior152

B. The Regulation of Weapons under International Humanitarian Law:Protection of Civilians153

C. Prohibition to Use Weapons Causing Unnecessary Suffering155

D. Violations of the Principle of Distinction in Practice—The Principleof Distinction versus Military Necessity155

Ⅴ. Conclusion159 Conclusion: Is the Principle of Distinction Still Useful?157

Index163