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INTRODUCTION1

Constitutional Limitations on Police Powers1

The Constitution2

The Bill of Rights3

Chapter I Probable Cause8

Detinition9

Signiticance10

Essntial Concepts10

Checklist of Probable Cause15

Police Powers16

Citizen Protections17

Chapter II INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES20

When to Investigate20

Criminal Investigation20

The Four "l's"21

Inspections22

Information23

Court Tests of Reliability24

Guidelines for Use of Informants25

Confidential Informants26

Interrogation Rules and Procedures28

The Miranda Rule28

Interrogation Rules at a Glance30

The Four Miranda Rules30

When You Must Give the Miranda Warnings31

When the Miranda Warnings Do Not Have to Be Given32

Handwriting Identification33

Voice Identification33

Grand Jury33

Why Confessions Are Suppressed34

The Waiver34

Immunity35

Police Investigative Powers36

Reasonable Suspicion36

What Is a Police Stop?39

What Is a Police Contact?41

Protective Searches42

Police Questioning48

Undercover Agents48

Electronic Eavesdropping49

Mail Covers50

Lie Detector Tests51

Blood and Alcohol Samples51

Lineups51

Use of Informants52

Evidence from Private Persons53

Binoculars-Search or Plain View?53

Dogs-Search or "Plain Smell"?53

Computerized Crime Banks54

Police Radio Bulletins55

Bank Records55

Chapter III ARREST56

Arrest Defined65

Police Arrest Powers57

Arrest With a Warrant64

Conclusion64

Chapter IV SEARCH AND SEIZURE65

The Search Warrant65

What You Need to Get a Search Warrant66

What You Can Search For67

Where You Can Search67

What You Can Seize67

How to Draft Search Warrant Affidavits68

Executing a Search Warrant70

Search of the Person72

Search of Premises82

Search of Vehicles84

Consent Search88

Chapter V THE SUPPRESSION HEARING92

Prelude to Triumph or Tragedy of Law92

The Exclusionary Rule93

The Anatomy of a Fourth Amendment Suppression Hearing94

The Suppression Battleground97

The Anatomy of a Fifth Amendment Suppression Hearing103

The Police Officer as a Witness at the Suppression Hearing105

COMMENTARIES ON SUPREME COURT DECISIONS109

Chapter VI CASES INVOLVING THE FOURTH AMENDMENT110

The Right to Privacy110

Search and Seizure115

Coolidge v. New Hampshire115

Search Warrants122

Aguilar v. State of Texas122

United States v. Ventresca124

William Spinelli v. United States129

Jerome Franks v. State of Delaware134

Appendix A (States permitting veracity challenges)139

Third Party Searches141

James Zurcher v. The Stanford Daily141

Open-Ended Search Warrant144

Lo-Ji Sales, Inc., v. State of New York144

Informants150

James R. Hoffa v. United States150

The Informer Privilege156

George McCray v. State of Illinois156

Informant Tips161

Frederick E. Adams v. Robert Williams161

United States v. Roosevelt Harris165

Whiteley v. Warden, Wyoming State Penitentiary166

Undercover Agents169

Jack M. Weatherford v. Brett Allen Bursey169

Police Commands173

Stephen R. Wainwright v. City of New Orleans173

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Harry Mimms179

The Frisk181

John W. Terry v. State of Ohio181

Two Variations on the Theme187

Nelson Sibron v. State of New 'Cork187

John Francis Peters v. State of New York189

Inspections191

Roland Camara v. City and County of San Francisco191

Entry196

Sabbath v. United States196

Objects in Plain View201

James H. Harris v. United States201

Warrantless House Searches202

Vale v. Louisiana202

Non-emergency Arrest Without a Warrant in a Home206

Commonwealth v Williams206

People of New York v. Payton210

Exigent Circumstances212

State of Michigan v. Loren Tyler and Robert Tompkins212

Warrantless Search of a Murder Scene215

Rufus Junior Mincey v. State of Arizona215

Police Emergencies221

Warden, Maryland Penitentiary v. Bennie Joe Hayden221

Hot Pursuit Arrest225

United States v. Dominga Santana and William Alejandro225

Third Party Consent to Search Evidence at a Suppression Hearing229

United States v. William Earl Matlock229

Scope of a Search Incident to Arrest234

Ted Steven Chimel v. State of California234

United States v. Joseph A. Chadwick237

Warrantless Arrest in a Public Place240

United States v. Henry Ogle Watson240

Searching Cars245

Frank Chambers v. James F. Maroney245

Traffic Arrest Searches250

United States v. Willie Robinson, Jr.250

Exterior Search of an Automobile.256

Harold J, Cardwell v. Arthur Ben Lewis256

Routine Inventory Search of an Automobile260

South Dakota v. Donald Opperman260

Roving-Patrol Car Stops263

United States v, Felix Humberto Brignoni-Ponce263

Stopping Cars at a Roadblock270

United States v. Amado Martinez-Fuerte270

Rodolfo Sifuentes v. United States270

Random Stopping of Cars274

State of Delaware v. William J, Prouse, III274

Police Station Search and Seizure279

United States v. Eugene H, Edwards and William T. Livesav279

Compulsory Blood Samples283

Armando Schmerber v, State of California283

Police Station Seizure of Fingernail Scrapings287

Hoyt C. Cupp v. Daniel P. Murphy287

Grand Jury Subpoena for Voice Exemplars290

United States v. Antonio Dionisio290

Grand Jury Subpoena to Compel Handwriting Samples295

United States v. Richard J. Mara295

Electronic Eavesdropping-Wiretapping297

Ralph Berger v. State of New York297

Electronic Surveillance306

Charles Katz v. United States306

Third-Party Walking Bug313

United States v. White313

The Use of "Wired" Agents318

United States v. AIfredo L. Caceres318

Use df Pen Registers in Criminal Investigations323

Michael Lee Smith v. State of Maryland323

Covert Entry to Plant a Bug328

Lawrence Dalia v. United States328

Nighttime Searches333

Gooding v. United States333

Prison Searches337

Griffin B. Bell v; Louis Wolfish337

Seizure of Incriminating Evidence by Private Citizens341

Burdeau v, McDowell341

The Suppression Rule346

Mapp v. State of Ohio346

Defendant's Testimony at a Suppression Hearing348

Thomas Earl Simmons v. United States348

Fourth Amendment Right to Suppress-A Personal Right351

Frank L. Rakas and Lonnie L. King v. State of Illinois351

Federal Review of State Court Decisions in Fourth Amendment Cases356

W. T. Stone, Warden v. Lloyd Charles Powell356

Charles L. Wolff, Jr., Warden v. David L. Rice356

Grand Jury Investigations359

United States v. John P. Calandra359

Chapter VII CASES INVOLVING THE FIFTH AMENDMENT367

The Fifth Amendment369

Custodial Police Interrogation373

Arthur Culombe v. State of Connecticut373

Emesto A. Miranda v. State of Arizona377

Incomplete Miranda Warnings388

State of Michigan v. Thomas W. Tucker388

Sixth Amendment Protections After Arraignment394

Lou V. Brewer, Warden v. Rpbert Anthony Williams394

Miranda-Cutting Off and Later Resuming Interrogation397

State of Michigan v. Richard Bert Mosley397

Use of Inadmissible Evidence to Impeach a Defendant403

State of Oregon v. William Robert Hass403

The Hazards of "Inviting" a Suspect to the Police Station407

Irving Jerome' Dunaway v, State of New York407

Non-Custodial Interrogation413

Alvin A. Beckwith, Jr. v. United States413

The Right to Counsel419

Escobedo v. State of Illinois421

Implied Waiver of Miranda Rights421

State of North Carolina v. Willie Thomas Butler426

Use of Immunized Testimony for Impeachment426

State of New Jersey v. Joseph S. Portash430

Use of an Accused's Silence at Time of Arrest for Impeachment430

Jefferson Doyle v. State of Ohio430

Richard Wood v. State of Ohio436

The Fifth Amendment and Tax Returns436

Roy D. Garner v. United States441

Self-Incrimination of Police441

Edward J, Garrity v. State of New Jersey443

Interrogation of Juveniles443

Kenneth F. Fare v. Michael443

Chapter VIII CASES INVOLVING THE SIXTH AMENDMENT450

Right to Counsel450

Gideon v. Wainwright450

When Does an Accused Have the Right to Counsel?453

The Line-Up454

United States v. Billy Joe Wade457

Photo identification457

United States v. Charles J. Ash, Jr463

John R. Manson, Commissioner v. Nowell A. Braithwaite463

Interlocking Confessions and the Bruton Rule468

Harry Parker v. James Randolph471

Chapter IX OTHER SIGNIFICANT CASES476

Suppression of Evidence by the Prosecution476

Brady v. State of Maryland476

Juvenile Court Proceedings479

In re Gault479

Civil Liability of Law Enforcement Officers486

Webster Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents ofFederal Bureau of Narcotics486

Entrapment491

Z. T, Osborn, Jr. v. United States491

United States v. Richard Russell491

Charles Hampton v. United States504

"Fruit of the Poisonous Tree" Doctrine509

Richard Brown v. State of Illinois509

United States v. Ralph Ceccolini515

Sixth Amendment's Right to Compulsory Process519

United States v. Richard M. Nixon.519

Richard M. Nixon v, United States519

A Prosecutor's Immunity525

Paul Kern Imbler v, Richard Pachtman525

The Fifth Amendment and the Advice of Counsel529

Michael Anthony Maness v. James R. Meyers529

Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment534

Norval Goss v, Dwight Lopez534

Partnership Records and the Fifth Amendment538

Isadore H. Bellis v. United States538

Production of Business Records543

Peter C. Andresen v. State of Maryland543

Conspiracy549

Robert E. lannelli v. United States549

Search of Luggage Incident to an Arrest553

State of Arkansas v. Lonnie James Sanders553

On-The-Street Identification558

Zackary C. Brown v. State of Texas558

Good-Faith Arrest561

State of Michigan v. Gary DeFillippo561

The Right to Counsel After Indictment565

Winston Massiah v. United States565

A Suppression Hearing to Determine Voluntariness of a Confession569

Nathan Jackson v. Wilfred Denno. Warden569

Epilogue575

Appendix A RELEVANT FEDERAL RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND MISCELLANEOUS FEDERAL STATUTES577

I. Scope, Purpose, and Construction577

II. Preliminary Proceedings578

III. Indictment and Information581

IV. Arraignment and Preparation for Trial586

Miscellaneous Federal Statutes: 18 United States Code596

Appendix B RATING SUPREME COURT JUSTICES605

Appendix C SUPREME COURT DECISIONS INVOLVING THE CRIMINAL PROCESS OVERRULED BY SUBSEQUENT DECISIONS616

Appendix D INSIDE VIEW OF THE HIGH COURT623

Appendix E USE OF FORCE BY LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS-GENERAL AXIOMS OF LAW630

Glossary633

Index635