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1 Sources and Historical Development of Roman Law1

1.1 Divisions of Roman Legal History1

1.2 The Legal System of Archaic Rome2

1.2.1 Historical and Constitutional Background2

1.2.2 The Customary Origins of Roman Law8

1.2.3 The Law of the Twelve Tables and the Rise of Legislation12

1.2.4 The Role of Pontifical Jurisprudence17

1.3 Legal Development During the Late Republic19

1.3.1 Historical and Constitutional Background19

1.3.2 Legislation23

1.3.3 The Development of Magisterial Law-Making24

1.3.4 The Growth of Legal Science31

1.4 Law in the Age of Empire35

1.4.1 Historical and Constitutional Background35

1.4.2 The Demise of Popular Legislation42

1.4.3 The Consolidation of Magisterial Law42

1.4.4 Senatorial Law-Making43

1.4.5 Imperial Legislation45

1.4.6 The Culmination of Roman Legal Science48

1.5 Legal Development in the Later Imperial Era56

1.5.1 Historical and Constitutional Background56

1.5.2 The Emperor as a Law-Maker62

1.5.3 The Law of the Jurists65

1.5.4 Custom and the Rise of ‘Vulgar Law’69

1.6 The Codification of Justinian70

1.6.1 Historical Background70

1.6.2 The Goals of Justinian’s Legislative Programme72

1.6.3 The Code73

1.6.4 The Digest74

1.6.5 The Institutes77

1.6.6 The Novels78

1.6.7 Concluding Remarks80

1.7 The ‘Second Life’ or Roman Law： A Brief Overview80

2 The Law of Persons85

2.1 Introductory85

2.2 Status and Capacities of a Person85

2.2.1 The Institution of Slavery86

2.2.2 Free-Born Roman Citizens87

2.2.3 Family Relationship88

2.2.4 Capitis Deminutio96

2.3 Marriage96

2.3.1 The Betrothal97

2.3.2 Requirements for a Valid Marriage98

2.3.3 Forms of Marriage： Cum Manu and Sine Manu101

2.3.4 Matters Relating to Matrimonial Property： Dos and Donatio Propter Nuptias104

2.3.5 Dissolution of Marriage107

2.4 Guardianship and Curatorship108

2.4.1 Tutela Impuberum109

2.4.2 Tutela Mulierum114

2.4.3 Curatorship114

3 The Law of Property119

3.1 Introductory119

3.2 Definition and Classification of Res119

3.2.1 Res in Nostro Patrimonio and Res Extra Nostrum Patrimonium120

3.2.2 Res Corporales and Res Incor porales121

3.2.3 Res Mancipi and Res Nec Mancipi122

3.2.4 Res Mobiles and Res Immobiles123

3.2.5 Other Classifications of Res123

3.2.6 Real and Personal Actions and Rights125

3.3 Ownership126

3.3.1 Forms of Ownership126

3.3.2 Acquisition of Ownership127

3.3.3 Protection of Ownership148

3.3.4 Limitations on Ownership153

3.3.5 Joint Ownership155

3.4 Possession156

3.4.1 Acquisition， Maintenance and Loss of Possession160

3.4.2 Protection of Possession161

3.5 Servitudes164

3.5.1 Praedial Servitudes164

3.5.2 Personal Servitudes168

3.5.3 Constitution of Servitudes171

3.5.4 Protection of Servitudes173

3.5.5 Termination of Servitudes174

3.6 Emphyteusis and Superficies174

3.6.1 Emphyteusis175

3.6.2 Superficies176

3.7 Real Security176

3.7.1 Fiducia177

3.7.2 Pignus178

3.7.3 Hypotheca179

3.7.4 Termination of Real Security182

4 The Law of Obligations183

4.1 Introductory183

4.2 The Nature of Obligations183

4.2.1 Sources and Classifications of Obligations185

4.3 Obligations Arising from Contracts187

4.3.1 Content and Classification of Contracts187

4.3.2 Formation of a Valid Contract190

4.3.3 Defects in Agreement192

4.3.4 Conditions and Terms in Contracts195

4.3.5 Contractual Liability198

4.3.6 Representation200

4.3.7 Contractual Agreements in Favour of a Third Party203

4.3.8 Contractual Agreements Involving More Than One Debtor and/or Creditor204

4.3.9 Breach of Contract205

4.4 Real Contracts207

4.4.1 Mutuum207

4.4.2 Commodatum209

4.4.3 Depositum211

4.4.4 Pignus213

4.5 Verbal Contracts214

4.5.1 Stipulatio214

4.6 Literal Contracts218

4.7 Consensual Contracts219

4.7.1 Emptio Venditio220

4.7.2 Locatio Conductio229

4.7.3 Societas234

4.7.4 Mandatum237

4.8 Quasi-Contracts239

4.8.1 Negotiorum Gestio240

4.8.2 Solutio Indebiti241

4.8.3 Other Quasi-Contractual Condictiones242

4.9 Other Types of Contractual Relationship244

4.9.1 Contractus Innominati244

4.9.2 Pacta245

4.9.3 Donation247

4.9.4 Suretyship248

4.10 Obligations Arising from Delicts251

4.10.1 Furtum254

4.10.2 Rapina257

4.10.3 Damnum Iniuria Datum258

4.10.4 Iniuria263

4.11 Quasi-Delicts266

4.11.1 Iudex Qui Litem Suam Facit266

4.11.2 Res Deiectae Vel Effusae266

4.11.3 Res Suspensae Vel Positae267

4.11.4 Nauta， Caupo， Stabularius267

4.12 Other Forms of Delict267

4.12.1 Praetorian Delicts267

4.12.2 Noxal Liability270

4.13 Termination of Obligations271

4.13.1 Performance272

4.13.2 Release272

4.13.3 Set-Off274

4.13.4 Merger275

4.13.5 Novation275

4.13.6 Delegation276

4.13.7 Cession276

4.13.8 Further Modes by Which Obligations Were Extinguished277

5 The Law of Succession279

5.1 Introductory279

5.2 Intestate Succession280

5.2.1 Intestate Succession Under the Law of the Twelve Tables280

5.2.2 Praetorian Intestate Succession281

5.2.3 Intestate Succession in Justinian’s Law283

5.3 Testamentary Succession284

5.3.1 Early Forms of Will284

5.3.2 Testamentum Tripertitum286

5.3.3 Extraordinary Wills286

5.3.4 Testamenti Factio287

5.3.5 Institution of Heirs289

5.3.6 Substitution290

5.3.7 Disinheritance291

5.3.8 Querela Inofficiosi Testamenti292

5.3.9 Invalidity and Revocation of a Will294

5.4 Codicil295

5.5 Acquisition and Administration of the Inheritance296

5.5.1 Acceptance of the Inheritance296

5.5.2 Separatio Bonorum297

5.5.3 Beneficium Inventarii298

5.5.4 Co-heirs298

5.5.5 Collatio Bonorum298

5.5.6 Remedies of the Heir299

5.6 Legacy301

5.6.1 Restrictions on Legacies303

5.6.2 Remedies of the Legatee304

5.7 Fideicommissum305

5.8 Donatio Mortis Causa307

6 The Law of Actions309

6.1 Introductory309

6.2 The Legis Actio Procedure310

6.3 The Formulary System317

6.3.1 The Course of the Formulary Procedure324

6.3.2 Extraordinary Praetorian Remedies330

6.4 Civil Procedure in the Principate Era333

6.4.1 The Formulary Procedure333

6.4.2 The Cognitio Extraordinaria334

6.5 Civil Procedure in the Late Imperial Age337

6.5.1 Resolving Private Disputes Through Arbitration341

Bibliography343

Index349