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CHAPTER ONE: Introduction1

1.1 Corpora3

1.2 The role of computers in corpus linguistics5

1.3 The scope of corpus linguistics7

CHAPTER TWO: The desing and development of corpora13

2.1 Pre-electronic corpora13

2.1.1 Biblical and literary13

2.1.2 Lexicographical14

2.1.3 Dialect15

2.1.4 Language education16

2.1.5 Grammatical17

2.2 Types of electronic corpora19

2.3 Major electronic corpora for linguistic research23

2.3.1 First generation corpora23

2.3.1.1 The Brown Corpus23

2.3.1.2 Thee Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen (LOB) Corpus27

2.3.1.3 Other first generation corpors modelled on the Brown Corpus29

2.3.1.4 The London-Lund Corpus (LLC)31

2.3.2 Corpora of English compiled for specialized purposes33

2.3.2.1 Corpora for lexicography33

2.3.2.2 Dictionaries as corpora35

2.3.2.3 Corpora for studying spoken English36

2.3.2.4 Diachronic corpora38

2.3.2.5 Corpora for research on language acquisition40

2.3.2.6 Other corpora for special purposes43

2.3.3 Second generation mega-corpora45

2.3.3.1 The Cobuild project46

2.3.3.2 The Longman Corpus Network48

2.3.3.3 The British National Corpus (BNC)50

2.3.3.4 The International Corpus of English (ICE)54

2.4 Electronic text databases57

2.5 Issues in corpus design and compilation60

2.5.1 Static or dynamic60

2.5.2 Representativeness and balance62

2.5.3 Size66

2.6 Compiling a corpus70

2.6.1 Corpus design70

2.6.2 Planning a storage system and keeping records75

2.6.3 Getting permission76

2.6.4 Text capture78

2.6.4.1 Written texts78

2.6.4.2 Spoken texts80

2.6.5 Markup82

2.7 Organizations and professional associations concerned with corpus design, development and research85

CHAPTER THREE: Corpus-based descriptions of English88

3.1 Lexical description91

3.1.1 Pre-electronic lexical description for pedagogical purposes93

3.1.2 Computer corpus-based studies of the lexicon97

3.1.3 Collocation108

3.2 Grammatical studies centred on morphemes or words121

3.2.1 Verb-form use for tense and aspect122

3.2.2 Modals130

3.2.3 Voice134

3.2.4 Verb and particle use137

3.2.5 Subjunctive137

3.2.6 Prepositions: of, at, from,between, through, by139

3.2.7 Conjunctions: since, when, once144

3.2.8 More andless152

3.3 Grammatical studies centred on the sentence154

3.3.1 Sentence length157

3.3.2 Syntactic processes159

3.3.2.1 Clause patterning159

3.3.2.2 Noun modification162

3.3.2.3 Conditionality165

3.3.2.4 Causation167

3.3.2.5 Negation171

3.3.2.6 Clefting173

3.4 Pragmatics and spoken discourse174

3.5 Corpus-based studies of variation in the use of English180

3.5.1 Comparisons of spoken and written English182

3.5.2 Comparisons of regional varieties of English190

3.5.3 Variation in registers and genres197

3.5.4 Studies of language change199

CHAPTER FOUR: Corpus analysis204

4.1 Corpus annotation and processing206

4.1.1 Lemmatization206

4.1.2 Word-class tagging209

4.1.3 Semantic aspects of tagging225

4.1.4 Parsing231

4.2 Procedures used in corpus analysis244

4.2.1 Word lists245

4.2.2 Concordances247

4.2.3 Statistics in corpus analysis258

4.3 Corpus search and retrieval software259

4.3.1 The Oxford Concordance Program (OCP)260

4.3.2 WordCruncher261

4.3.3 TACT262

4.3.4 Other widely used software for special purposes263

4.3.5 New generation software265

CHAPTER FIVE: Implications and applications of corpus-based analysis268

5.1 Goals of linguistic description and the effect of corpora on methodology270

5.1.1 Language as possibility and language as probability270

5.1.2 The description of English273

5.2 Corpus linguistics and computational linguistics276

5.3 Corpus-based approaches to language teaching280

5.3.1 The content of language teaching282

5.3.2 Language teaching methodology288

References295

Index310

文库索引316