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PART ONE: TRANSNATIONAL PROBLEMS WITHIN NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEMS2

Chapter I. Some Responses of a National Legal System to Al-iens and Their Activities2

A. Links of Individuals to Political Communities2

B. Immigration and Deportation18

C. Protection of the Alien Under National Law38

D. Access of Aliens to Economic Activities43

1. Restrictions in the United States44

2. Problems in Identifying and Controlling the Foreign Corporation69

3. Regulation of Foreign Investment in Some Foreign Countries80

E. Choice of Law: The Role of a Personal Law for Individuals or Corporations90

Chapter Ⅱ. Distribution of National Powers to Deal With Transnational Problems101

A. Distribution of Powers Within the Federal Government102

1. Powers of the Executive, Delegated and Inherent,and Control by Congress and the Courts102

2. War Powers and Vietnam: Controversy over the Reach and Control of Executive Power142

B. Foreign Affairs and Federalism160

PART TWO: INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ITS RELATION-SHIP TO NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEMS177

Chapter Ⅲ. Distinctive Characteristics of the International Legal Process177

A. Comparisons with Conceptions of Law and Legal Processin National Systems177

B. International Tribunals192

Chapter Ⅲ. Distinctive Characteristics of the International Legal Process—Continued205

C. Protection by States of Their Nationals205

1. Protection of Individuals206

2. Protection of Corporations222

3. Exhaustion of Local Remedies243

D. The Processes by Which International Law Develops248

1. The Role of Custom250

2. The Role of Treaties281

3. The Role of International Organizations308

E. Conflict with National Law: The Concept of Domestic Jurisdiction320

F. Contemporary Perspectives on International Law328

Chapter Ⅳ. Development of an International Minimum Standard: The International Legal Process Illustrated357

A. Introductory Notions357

B. Protection of the Person360

C. Expropriation of AlienOwned Property408

1. The Consensus and the Challenge414

2. Settlement of Some PostWar Disputes Substance and Techniques432

3. Efforts to Develop a New Consensus460

4. Efforts to Develop New Techniques to Enforce Standards or Settle Disputes471

5. The Scope of Protection: Indirect or “Creeping”Expropriation487

D. Disputes Over Concession Agreements495

E. The Calvo Clause522

Chapter Ⅴ. The Interpenetration of National and International Law531

A. Customary International Law Before National Courts531

B. International Agreements and National Law553

1. The Constitutional Status of the Treaty555

2. SelfExecuting Treaties580

3. Executive Agreements589

4. Contemporary CongressionalExecutive Tensions Over International Agreements603

5. Treaty Interpretation by National Courts610

C. Some Foreign Comparisons621

D. National Legislation Based on Reciprocity626

E. A Snapshot View of Chapters I to V635

PART THREE: THE ROLE OF NATIONAL JUDICIARIES IN BUILDING A TRANSNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM637

Chapter Ⅵ. Local Courts and Foreign Sovereignty: Jurisdic tional Immunities and the Act of State Doctrine637

A. Immunity of Foreign Sovereigns from the Jurisdiction of Local Courts637

B. The Act of State Doctrine672

Chapter Ⅶ. Civil Actions in a Transnational Setting: Cooper ation and Conflict Among National Judiciaries729

A. Jurisdiction to Adjudicate729

1. Adjudicatory Jurisdiction in the United States731

2. Adjudicatory Jurisdiction in Some European Countries748

3. Service of Summons in Foreign Countries755

B. Enforcement of ForeignCountry Money Judgments759

1. Enforcement of SisterState Judgments in the United States759

2. Enforcement of ForeignCountry Judgments in the United States767

3. Enforcement of ForeignCountry Judgments in France797

4. Enforcement of ForeignCountry Judgments in Germany804

5. Cooperative Arrangements Through Treaties807

C. The Utility of ChoiceofForum Clauses809

D. International Commercial Arbitration824

E. Obtaining Evidence Abroad for Use in Domestic Civil Litigation835

PART FOUR: THE TRANSNATIONAL REACH OF NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEMS854

Chapter Ⅷ. The Transnational Reach of Criminal Legislation854

A. The General Principles and Some Illustrations856

B. International Cooperation in Controlling Criminal Conduct894

C. An International Law of Crimes: From Nuremberg to Vietnam903

Chapter Ⅸ. The Transnational Reach of Economic Regulation932

A. Introductory Notions: The Utility of ChoiceofLaw Principles and Methodology935

B. Welfare Legislation for Seamen947

Chapter Ⅸ. The Transnational Reach of Economic Regulation—Continued970

C. Maritime Labor Regulation970

D. Antitrust Regulation986

1. Problems in Determining the Reach of Antitrust Laws987

2. Problems in the Enforcement Abroad of Antitrust Decrees of American Courts1020

E. Securities Regulation1047

F. Obtaining Evidence Abroad to Enforce Regulatory Legislation of a Transnational Reach1074

Chapter Ⅹ. Transnational Aspects of Income Taxation1086

A. Bases for Income Taxation1087

1. The Basic Principles: Status and Source1087

2. Some Abuses of the Status and Source Principlesand Legislative Reactions to Them1106

B. Accommodation Among National Tax Systems: Unilateraland Bilateral Techniques1119

1. The Foreign Tax Credit1121

2. Tax Treaties1128

PART FIVE:TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN THE WORLD COMMUNITY: LEGAL STRUCTURES, POLICY CONTEXT AND CASE STUDIES1141

Chapter Ⅺ. The World Economic Environment: GATT and IMF1141

A. Introduction: Models for Trade Regulation1141

B. United States Legislation on Trade Barriers1146

C. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade1149

D. National Exchange Controls1164

E. The International Monetary Fund1168

Chapter Ⅻ. The Multinational Enterprise and International Business Transactions1176

A. Perspectives upon the Multinational Enterprise1176

B. International Business Transactions: Illustrative Problems and Case Studies1189

1. The International Role of Counsel1190

2. A Distributorship Agreement1195

3. A Licensing Agreement1209

4. The MNE and Conflicting Orders1222

5. The International Joint Venture1227

PART SIX: THE DEVELOPING PROCESSES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS1242

Chapter ⅩⅢ The European Economic Community （Common Market）1242

A. Conspectus of the EEC Treaty1243

B. Constitutional Issues and the Role of the Court of Justice1268

1. Direct Applicability of Community Law1270

2. The Use of Article 177 by National Courts1280

3. Conflicts Between Community Law and National Constitutions1293

4. Practice Under Articles 169 and 1731311

C. The Structural Framework and Processes for the Development of Community Law1324

1. The Free Movement of Workers and the Right of Establishment1326

2. Community Antitrust Law1342

Index1421