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1 The Homicide Crime Scene1

The Crime Scene2

At the Crime Scene3

The Homicide Investigation Starts at the Crime Scene6

Determining the Dimensions of the Homicide Crime Scene8

Protecting the Crime Scene12

2 First Officer's Duties: General25

Notification of a Possible Homicide: The Official Notification to the Police25

First Notification of Homicide Received in Person by Patrol Officer29

First Officer's Duties on Arrival at the Scene30

Protection of Life31

Safeguarding the Scene and Detaining Witnesses or Suspects33

The First Officer Initiates the Homicide Investigation35

Dealing with Emergencies at the Scene37

Conclusion39

3 First Officer's Duties: Specific41

The Suspect in Custody42

Transporting the Suspect44

Examination of the Suspect for Evidence44

The Dying Declaration44

The Victim Removed to the Hospital45

The Victim Pronounced DOA at the Hospital45

The Officer's Duties at the Hospital46

The Victim Confirmed DOA at the Scene47

Handling Witnesses at the Scene47

Additional Officers at the Scene48

Handling News Media Personnel at the Scene48

The Documentation of Events by the First Officer49

The Changing Sequence of Command50

Patrol Officer's Checklist50

4 The Preliminary Investigation at the Scene:The Detectives55

Initial Receipt of Information55

Arrival at the Scene56

Describing the Scene58

Implementing Crime Scene Procedures59

Direction of Uniformed Personnel at the Scene60

The Teamwork Approach61

Directing the Investigation at the Scene61

Duties of the Detective Supervisor on Arrival at the Scene62

Preliminary Interview of the First Officer63

Interview of Ambulance Personnel65

Handling Curious Onlookers67

Handling Witnesses at the Scene68

The Canvass71

The Preliminary Medical Examination at the Scene76

5 Specific Investigative Duties at the Scene79

The Suspect in Custody79

Interview and Interrogation of the Suspect in Custody80

Examination of a Suspect for Evidence81

Evaluation of the Suspect's Demeanor and Mental Capacity82

Obtaining a Dying Declaration83

Questions to be Asked in a Dying Declaration84

Documentation of the Dying Declaration84

Handling Buried-Body Cases85

The Discovery of the Buried Body85

The Excavation86

The Body89

Search for a Buried Body89

The Investigative Checklist91

Selected Reading101

6 The Crime Scene Photographs103

The Value of Crime Scene Photographs103

Crime Scene Photography and the Investigator104

Admissibility of Photographic Evidence104

Photographing the Homicide Crime Scene107

Outdoor Locations107

Indoor Locations107

The Body107

Suspects110

Type of Film111

Recommended Crime Scene Photographs111

Practical Application of Crime Scene Photography113

Videotaping115

Advantages of Videotaping115

Videotaping Procedure116

Conclusion117

Selected Reading117

7 The Crime Scene Sketch119

The Sketch119

Preparing the Crime Scene Sketch124

Selected Reading130

8 The Homicide Crime Scene Search131

Methods of Crime Scene Search132

Formulating the Search132

The Homicide Kit137

The Search139

Examination of the Body at the Scene141

Release of the Body145

The Scene146

Examining the Outdoor Scene149

Examples of Evidence Found Outdoors150

Examining an Outdoor Scene at Night152

Physical Examination of a Suspect in Custody154

Residue Testing157

Release of the Scene158

Conclusion159

Selected Reading160

9 Estimating Time of Death161

The Process of Dying164

Body Changes after Death165

External Agents of Change177

Insects177

Plants180

Animals180

Bodies in Water181

Information Derived from the Scene182

Conclusion183

Selected Reading183

10 The Identity of the Deceased185

The Identification185

Identification at the Scene186

Personal Identification186

Clothing and Possessions187

Identification by Photographs187

Description of the Body188

Clothing189

Jewelry and Watches189

Fingerprints189

Obtaining Fingerprints from Dead Bodies190

The Teeth193

Age194

General Facial Characteristics194

Race195

Socioeconomic Group196

Occupation or Habits196

Positive Identification196

Bite-Mark Identification199

Inquiries Relative to Forensic Odontology199

The Bones200

Age201

Sex203

Race204

Height and Other Individual Characteristics204

Determination of Cause of Death204

Determination of Whether the Bones Are Humanor Animal205

Examination of the Bones206

Facial Reconstruction206

Forensic Sculpture207

Conclusion213

Selected Reading214

11 Modes of Death217

Gunshot Wounds217

The Projectile Striking the Body218

The Nature and Extent of Gunshot Wounds219

Smudging or Smoke222

Searing222

Tattooing or Stippling222

Reentry222

Ricocheting224

Shotgun Wounds224

Contact Wounds224

Bullet Track226

Cutting Wounds233

Stabbing Wounds235

Blunt Force Injuries236

Lacerations237

Chopping Wounds237

Poisons240

Deaths by Asphyxia242

Strangulation242

Hanging245

Drowning247

Inhalation of Poison Gases249

Suffocation249

Autoerotic Deaths250

Typical Cases253

Determining the Involvement of Sexual Asphyxia255

Summary257

Suicides257

The Weapon257

Wounds260

Motives and Intent261

Suicide Notes263

Background Information263

Arson and Deaths by Fire264

Sex Homicides266

Selected Reading270

12 Collection of Evidence271

Procedures for Collection of Evidence271

Collection of Specific Types of Evidence273

Body Materials273

Objects280

Impressions288

Selected Reading296

Appendix: Requesting Laboratory Assistance:Shipment of Evidence to FBI Laboratory298

13 The News Media in Homicide Investigations321

Establishing a News Media Policy321

"Fair Trial Free Press Principles"323

Building a Relationship with the News Media325

Homicide News Release Policy328

Handling the News Media at the Scene331

Preparing the News Release334

Handling Questions during News Conferences336

Conclusion337

Selected Reading338

14 The Autopsy339

The Medical Examiner/Coroner339

Investigation of Death344

Purpose of the Autopsy345

Cause, Manner, and Mode of Death346

Investigative Information Provided by the Autopsy348

The Medicolegal Autopsy350

Examination of the Crime Scene351

Identification of the Body352

External Examination of the Body353

Internal Examination of the Body355

The Protocol367

Summary369

Human Anatomy370

Directional Terms370

Body Cavities372

Quadrants374

The Skeletal System377

The Heart377

Selected Reading380

15 Identification of Suspects381

Bite-Mark Identification381

The Bite Mark384

Collection of Bite-Mark Evidence at the Scene386

Interpretation of the Bite-Mark Evidence388

Examination of the Bite Mark388

Summary389

Hypnosis390

What Is Hypnosis?390

Value to the Investigator391

Shortcomings of Hypnosis391

Case History392

Summary393

Latent Prints on Human Skin393

General Considerations393

Procedures393

Polygraph Examinations396

The Examination396

Possible Subjects for Polygraph Examinations397

Subjects that Cannot Be Tested397

Investigator's Duties Prior to the Examination397

Polygraph Procedures398

Summary399

Psychological Profiling399

What Is the Psychological Profile?400

The Purpose of the Profile400

When Profiling Can Be Productive400

Case History401

Factors which Can Be Determined in a Psychological Profile404

The Investigative Approach to Profiling405

Offender Profiles407

Goals of Offender Profiles408

Case History408

Summary415

Psycholinguistics415

What Is Psycholinguistic Analysis?416

Methodology416

Case History417

Psycholinguistics As an Investigative Tool418

Utilizing Psycholinguistic Analysis419

Summary420

Psychics420

What Is a Psychic?420

How Can the Police and Psychics Work Together?421

Charlatans and Frauds423

Summary425

Selected Reading425

16 Managing the Homicide Investigation427

Management Policy427

Teamwork428

Police Department Policy428

Interagency Relationships429

Documentation430

Notekeeping430

Official Reports430

Indexing the Homicide Investigation435

News Clipping File442

The Investigative Conference443

Conclusion443

Glossary445

Index453