英语教师职业发展前沿论丛 语言项目中的测试 英语语言测评综合指南 英文PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

英语教师职业发展前沿论丛 语言项目中的测试 英语语言测评综合指南 英文PDF格式电子书版下载

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Chapter 1 Types and Uses of Language Tests1

Two Families of Language Tests1

Norm-Referenced Tests2

Criterion-Referenced Tests2

Type of Interpretation3

Type of Measurement4

Purpose of the Testing5

Distributions of Scores5

Test Structure5

Matching Tests to Decision Purposes7

Program-Level Proficiency Decisions8

Program-Level Placement Decisions9

Classroom-Level Achievement Decisions11

Classroom-Level Diagnostic Decisions12

Why a Single Test Cannot Fulfill All Four Functions12

Differences in Ranges of Ability13

Differences in Variety of Content14

Using Spreadsheet Programs in Language Testing15

What Is a Spreadsheet Program?16

How Will You Personally Benefit from Using a Spreadsheet Program in This Book?16

Review Questions17

Application Exercises17

Chapter 2 Adopting,Adapting,and Developing Language Tests18

Theoretical Issues18

Language Teaching Methodology Issues19

An Exceptionally Short History of Language Testing19

Why Knowing about These Movements Is Important24

The Competence/Performance Issue24

The Discrete-Point/Integrative Issue25

Practical Issues26

The Fairness Issue26

The Cost Issues27

Ease of Test Construction28

Ease of Test Administration28

Ease of Test Scoring29

Interactions of Theoretical Issues29

Adopt,Adapt,or Develop?30

Adopting Language Tests30

Adapting Language Tests33

Developing Language Tests34

Putting Sound Tests in Place34

Getting Started with Your Spreadsheet Program36

Moving Around the Spreadsheet37

Creating a Sample Spreadsheet38

Entering Test Score Data to Create a Spreadsheet38

Review Questions40

Application Exercises40

Chapter 3 Developing Good Quality Language Test Items41

What is a Test Item?41

Guidelines for Item Format Analysis42

General Guidelines43

Receptive Response Items47

Productive Response Items51

Personal Response Items58

Why Bother with Item Format Analysis?63

Review Questions64

Application Exercises64

Chapter 4 Item Analysis in Language Testing66

Norm-Referenced Item Analysis66

Item Facility Analysis66

Item Discrimination Analysis68

Calculating Item Facility and Discrimination with Your Spreadsheet70

NRT Development and Improvement Projects75

Criterion-Referenced Item Analysis76

Item Quality Analysis77

CRT Development and Improvement Projects79

Role of Item Facility80

Difference Index80

The B-Index82

CRT Item Selection84

Review Questions85

Application Exercises86

Chapter 5 Describing Language Test Results89

Displaying Data89

Graphic Display of Frequencies91

Creating Graphs in Excel TM93

Scales of Measurement95

Nominal Scales95

Ordinal Scales96

Continuous Scales96

Descriptive Statistics97

Central Tendency98

Mean98

Mode99

Median100

Midpoint100

Dispersion101

Range101

High and Low102

Standard Deviation102

Variance104

The Spreadsheet Approach to Descriptive Statistics105

Reporting Descriptive Statistics107

What Should Be Included?107

How Should Descriptive Test Statistics be Displayed?108

Review Questions110

Application Exercises111

Chapter 6 Interpreting Language Test Scores114

Probability Distributions114

Normal Distribution116

Characteristics of Normal Distributions119

Central Tendency119

Dispersion119

Percents/Percentages120

Learning from Distributions121

Using Percents/Percentages122

Percentiles122

Standardized Scores123

z Scores123

T Scores125

CEEB Scores126

Computer-based TOEFL Scores126

Standardized and Percentile Scores126

The Importance of Standardized Scores127

Skewed Distributions129

Skewedness129

Peaked Distributions132

NRT and CRT Distributions132

The Spreadsheet Approach to Standardized Scores134

Review Questions136

Application Exercises137

Chapter 7 Correlation in Language Testing139

Preliminary Definitions139

Calculating the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient142

Assumptions of the Pearson-Moment Correlation Coefficient145

Calculating the Pearson Correlation Coefficient with a Spreadsheet149

Interpreting Correlation Coefficients153

Statistical Significance153

Meaningfulness157

Correlation Matrixes159

Potential Problems with Correlational Analysis161

Restriction of Range161

Skewedness161

Causality162

Another Useful Type of Correlational Analysis162

Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient162

Calculating the Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient with a Spreadsheet164

Review Questions167

Application Exercises168

Chapter 8 Language Test Reliability169

Sources of Variance169

Measurement Error171

Variance Due to Environment172

Variance Due to Adminstration Procedures173

Variance Attributable to Examinees173

Variance Due to Scoring Procedures174

Variance Attributable to the Test and Test Items174

Reliability of NRTs175

Test-Retest Reliability175

Equivalent-Forms Reliability176

Internal-Consistency Reliability176

Split-Half Reliability177

Cronbach Alpha179

Kuder-Richardson Formulas179

Reliability of Rater Judgments185

Interpreting Reliability Estimates188

Standard Error of Measurement188

Using a Spreadsheet to Calculate NRT Reliability190

Split-Half(Adjusted)and Cronbach Alpha190

Kuder-Richardson Formulas 20 and 21,and the SEM193

Factors Affecting the Reliability of NRTs196

Review Questions196

Application Exercises197

Chapter 9 Language Test Dependability199

Threshold Loss Agreement Approaches200

Agreement Coefficient200

Kappa Coefficient202

Estimating Threshold Loss Agreement from a Single Test Administration203

Squared-Error Loss Agreement Approaches206

Domain Score Dependability207

Relationships209

Cautions209

Confidence Intervals210

Using a Spreadsheet to Calculate CRT Reliability210

Agreement and Kappa Estimates(Using the Subkoviak Method)211

The Phi(lambda)Coefficient211

The Phi Coefficient and Confidence Interval214

Factors Affecting the Consistency of CRTs215

Review Questions216

Application Exercises217

Chapter 10 Language Test Validity220

Traditional Validity Strategies of Both NRTs and CRTs221

Content Validity221

Overall Strategy for Establishing Content Validity221

An Example of the Importance of Item Planning in Regards to Content Validity225

Content Validity and Other Types of Validity226

Construct Validity226

Differential-Groups Studies227

Intervention Studies232

Criterion-Related Validity:A Traditional Strategy for NRTs233

Restrictions of Range and NRT Validity234

Standard Setting235

Reliability,Validity,and Standard Setting238

Standards and Test Consistency238

Standards and Test Validity239

Other Issues Related to Validity242

The Washback Effect242

Factors Affecting the Impact of Washback243

Negative Effects of Washback243

Promoting Positive Washback244

Testing Bias246

Review Questions248

Application Exercises249

Chapter 11 Language Testing in Reality252

The Place of Tests in Curriculum Planning252

The ELI Language Program254

Four Decision-Making Steps254

Initial Screening Procedures254

Placement Procedures256

Second-Week Diagnostic Procedures257

Achievement Procedures258

Testing as an Integrated System260

Review Questions261

Application Exercises261

Answer Keys262

Glossary284

Index296

References303