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Chapter 1 Introduction1

A.Aims of the Study1

B.Structure and Methodology of the Study5

C.The Term "Reparations"10

Chapter 2 Historical and Legal Context of Reparations for Victims of Crimes under International Law (Overview)13

A.National Law13

B.International Law15

Ⅰ.Reparations in the Context of State Responsibility15

Ⅱ.State Reparations to Individuals and Groups17

Ⅲ.Reparations from Individual Perpetrators of International Crimes to Individual or Collective Victims22

C.International Criminal Law23

Chapter 3 Purpose of Reparations in International Criminal Law29

A.Victims and the Purposes of International Criminal Justice29

B.Interests Protected by International Criminal Law32

C.Purposes of Reparations37

D.Assessment43

Chapter 4 Reparation Principles and Determination of the Scope and Extent of any Damage, Loss and Injury to, or in Respect of, Victims (Art.75 (1) ICC Statute)45

A.Establishing Principles Pursuant to Art.75 (1) s.1 ICC Statute45

Ⅰ.Purpose of Reparation Principles45

Ⅱ.Organ Responsible for Establishing Reparation Principles and their Legal Nature46

Ⅲ.Scope and Content of Principles48

Ⅳ.Who Can the Reparation Principles Be Addressed to?51

1.States51

2.Corporations and other Judicial Persons56

3.International Community59

Ⅴ.Assessment61

B.Determination of Damage, Loss, Injury (Art.75 (1) s.2 ICC Statute)62

Chapter 5 The ICC Reparation Order (Art.75 (2) ICC Statute)67

A.Liability for Reparations68

Ⅰ.The Conviction as a Pre-Condition for an ICC Reparation Order68

Ⅱ.Determination of Liability71

B.Eligibility for Reparations Ordered by the ICC75

Ⅰ.Qualification as a Victim under Rule 8576

1.Individual Victims (Rule 85 (a))78

a) Natural person78

b) Harm78

1) Forms of Harm79

ⅰ) Emotional Suffering80

ⅱ) Physical and Mental Injury82

ⅲ) Economic Loss/Material Harm82

ⅳ) Other Damage83

ⅴ) Assessment84

2) Direct and Indirect Harm84

ⅰ) Determination of Indirectly Harmed Persons Eligible for Reparations87

ⅱ) Assessment89

c) Crime within the Jurisdiction of the Court90

d) Causation92

2.Organizations and Institutions96

Ⅱ.Collective Beneficiaries of Reparations98

Ⅲ.Other Eligibility Criteria102

1.Neediness102

2.Exclusion of Eligibility104

3.Time Limits107

Ⅳ.Reparations "in Respect of, Victims"111

1.International and National Law and Human Rights113

2.Assessment114

Ⅴ.Discretionary Decision of the Court to Order Reparations to Victims114

Ⅵ.Assessment116

C.Content of ICC Reparation Orders118

Ⅰ.Type of Reparations: Individual and Collective Awards119

1.Individual Reparations120

2.Collective Reparations121

a) Appropriateness of Collective Awards121

b) Content of Collective Awards124

3.Assessment127

Ⅱ.Form of Reparations129

1.Restitution129

a) International and National Law and Human Rights130

b) Assessment132

2.Compensation133

a) Types of Compensable Harm134

1) Pecuniary or Material Damage135

ⅰ) ICC Reparation System135

ⅱ) International and National Law and Human Rights136

2) Non-Pecuniary or Moral Damage137

ⅰ) ICC Reparation System137

ⅱ) International and National Law and Human Rights138

3) Assessment141

b) Compensation and Causation141

1) International and National Law and Human Rights142

2) Assessment145

3.Rehabilitation146

a) ICC Reparation System146

b) International and National Law and Human Rights146

c) Assessment148

4.Other Forms of Reparations149

a) Symbolic and Non-Monetary Forms of Reparations150

1) ICC Reparation System150

2) International and National Law and Human Rights151

ⅰ) Cessation of Violations, Exposition of Truth, Punishment of Perpetrators152

ⅱ) Guarantees of Non-Repetition153

ⅲ) Acknowledgment of Responsibility153

ⅳ) Apology154

ⅴ) Commemoration155

ⅵ) Monetary Measures to Benefit the Harmed Community156

3) Assessment157

b) Punitive Damages159

5.Assessment161

Ⅲ.Standard of Reparations162

Ⅳ.Scope of the Compensation Order166

1.Valuation and Calculation of Damages167

a) ICC Reparation System167

b) International and National Law and Human Rights168

1) Calculating Non-Pecuniary and Pecuniary Harm168

ⅰ) Pecuniary Harm (Material Damage)168

ⅱ) Non-Pecuniary Damage (Moral Damage)169

2) Standardization and Estimation of Damage172

c) Assessment178

2.Other Factors Potentially Impacting the Compensation Order181

a) Degree of Fault of the Convicted Person181

b) Financial Capacity of the Convicted Person183

1) ICC Reparation System184

2) International and National Law and Human Rights185

3) Assessment186

c) Impact on the Scope of the Reparation Order When Several Persons Caused the Harm187

3.Assessment192

Chapter 6 ICC Reparations Proceedings195

A.Procedural Requirements for a Reparation Order (Art.75 (1), (2) ICC Statute)196

Ⅰ.Initiation of the Reparations Proceedings by, or on Behalf of Victims196

1.Victims'Requests for Reparations196

a) Claim to be a Victim196

b) Who can Claim to be a Victim?197

c) Do Collectives Have the Right to Claim Reparations?198

2.Form of the Request for Reparations202

3.Content of the Request for Reparations203

a) Information about the Claimant, the Damage and Kind of Reparations Requested203

b) Identification of the Person Believed to be Responsible for the Damage203

4.Documentation of the Data Contained in the Request204

5.Other Procedural Requirements205

a) Unavailability of Reparations in Other Fora (Complementarity)205

b) Participation in the Court Proceedings207

Ⅱ.Court-Initiated Reparations Proceedings208

Ⅲ.Assessment210

B.Communications of the Court in the Reparations Proceedings (Art.75 (3), Art.76 (3) ICC Statute)211

Ⅰ.Notification and Publication of Reparations Proceedings211

1.Notification211

2.Publication214

Ⅱ.Expert Consultation216

Ⅲ.Participation in the Reparations Proceedings217

1.Victims217

2.Parties other than Victims222

Ⅳ Assessment224

C.Standard and Burden of Proof226

Ⅰ.ICC Reparation System227

1.Standard of Proof227

2.Burden of Proof and Demonstration of Facts231

Ⅱ.International and National Law and Human Rights233

Ⅲ.Assessment242

D.Reparations and Penalties (77 (2), 78 (1) ICC Statute)245

Ⅰ.Reparations and the Determination of Sentence247

1.Impact of the Offender's Behavior towards Victims on the Sentence247

2.Reparations and the Imposition of Fines and Forfeiture Orders251

a) Fines251

b) Forfeiture Orders255

3.Review Concerning the Reduction of Sentence and the Impact of the Offender's Post-Conviction Behavior Towards Victims257

Ⅱ.Use of Money or Property Collected through Orders of Reparations, Fines and Forfeiture and the Role of the Victims Trust Fund258

Ⅲ.Assessment260

E.Appeal against a Reparation Order (Art.82 (4) ICC Statute)261

F.Implementation of ICC Reparation Awards (Art.75 (2), Art.79 ICC Statute)265

Ⅰ.ICC Reparation System265

1.Role of the ICC and the Trust Fund for Victims265

2.Reparations266

a) Direct Awards (Art.75 (2) 1.Alt, Rule 98(1))267

b) Awards through the Trust Fund (Art.75 (2) 2.Alt., Rule 98 (2) and (3))267

1) Individual Awards268

2) Collective Awards270

c) Distribution through Organizations (Rule 98 (4))271

3.Complementing Reparation Awards with "Other Resources of the Trust Fund"272

G.Protective Measures and Enforcement of Reparation Orders (Art.75 (4) and (5) ICC Statute)277

Ⅰ.Protective Measures277

Ⅱ.Enforcement279

Ⅲ.Assessment281

Chapter 7 Assistance to Victims and Their Families by the Trust Fund (Art.79 ICC Statute, Rule 98 (5))285

A.Funding286

B.Measures for the Benefit of Victims and their Families other than Reparations287

C.Relation between the Court and the Trust Fund for Victims289

D.Assessment291

Chapter 8 Summary and Conclusion295

A.Towards the Implementation of the ICC Reparation System (Summary)295

B.Potential of the ICC Reparation System299

C.Conclusion302

Appendix303

A.Bibliography303

B.Table of Cases321

D.Materials331

Index357