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第一章 环渤海三角洲湿地类型和资源1

Chapter1． Types and resources of deltaic wetlands around Bohai Sea1

1．1 The distribution of wetlands2

1．2．1 湿地分类研究与湿地分类的一般原则2

1．2．1 The principles of wetland classification2

1．2 湿地类型划分2

1．1 湿地分布概况2

1．2 Classification of wetlands2

1．2．2 The scheme for wetland classification3

1．2．2 研究区的湿地分类方案3

1．3．1 三角洲湿地资源的重要地位4

1．3．1 The importance of deltaic wetland resource4

1．3 湿地资源及其评价4

1．3 Wetland resource and assessment4

1．3．2 The diversity of wetland resources5

1．3．2 湿地资源现状与类型的多样性5

1．3．3 湿地水文条件的差异6

1．3．3 The difference of hydrological conditions6

1．3．5 湿地动态消长特征的差异7

1．3．4 The difference of wetland productivity7

1．3．5 The difference of wetland area dynamics7

1．3．4 湿地生产力的差异7

1．3．6 The importance of wetlands in biodiversity conservation8

1．3．6湿地在生物多样性保护中的地位8

1．4 Wetland resource dynamics and the effect on wetland functions9

1．4．1 Ecological functions of estuary wetland9

1．4 湿地资源的动态变化及其对湿地生态功能的影响9

1．4．1 河流三角洲湿地生态功能9

1．4．2 The effect of wetland dynamics on wetland functions10

1．4．2 湿地动态变化对湿地生态功能的影响10

2．1．1 Natural factors affecting the formation and development of wetlands13

2．1 湿地形成、发育的影响因素13

2．1．1 湿地形成、发育的自然影响因素13

Chapter2． The formation and development of deltaic wetlands around Bohai Sea13

2．1 The factors affecting the formation and development of wetlands13

第二章 环渤海三角洲湿地的形成、发育13

2．1．2 Human factors affecting the formation and development of wetlands15

2．1．2 湿地形成、发育的人为影响因素15

2．2 The formation of wetlands16

2．2．1 Concepts and prerequisites for water boby wetlandnization16

2．2．1 水体湿地化的概念和必要条件16

2．2 湿地的形成过程16

2．2．2 Littoral wetlandnization17

2．2．3 Shallow water wetlandnization within the deltas17

2．2．3 三角洲内部浅水体(湖泊、水库和池塘)湿地化17

2．2．2 滨海湿地化17

2．2．5 陆地湿地化19

2．2．5 Terrestrial wetlandnization19

2．2．4 河流湿地化19

2．2．4 Riparian wetlandnization19

2．2．6 Regional difference of wetland formation20

2．2．6 湿地形成模式的区域分异20

2．3 The development of deltaic wetlands21

2．3．1 The development of Liaobe River Delta21

2．3．1 辽河三角洲湿地发育21

2．3 湿地发育过程21

2．3．2 黄河三角洲湿地发育24

2．3．2 The development of Yellow River Delta24

2．4．1 湿地长期保持富营养阶段的形成机制31

2．4 湿地形成、发育的机制31

2．4．1 The mechanism of long term maintenance of eutrophication in the wetlands31

2．4 The mechanism of wetland development31

2．4．2 The factors restricting the formation of wetlands32

2．4．2 制约湿地发育过程模式的机制32

2．4．3 The human factors affecting wetland devdlopment34

2．4．3 影响湿地发育的人为因素34

3．1．1 景观分异的原因36

3．1 湿地景观类型的划分36

第三章 三角洲湿地景观结构36

Chapter3． Landscape structure of deltaic wetlands36

3．1．1 Factors for landscape differentiation36

3．1 Landscape classification36

3．1．2 Systematic classification and indicators for deltaic wetland landscape37

3．1．2 三角洲湿地景观的系统分类方法和指标37

3．1．3 Landscape classification system for deltaic wetlands38

3．1．3 三角洲湿地的景观分类系统38

3．1．4 湿地的景观类型系统41

3．1．4 Landscape classes of wetlands41

3．2．1 景观结构的研究方法44

3．2 景观格局分析44

3．2．1 Methods for landscape structure analysis44

3．2 Landscape pattem analysis44

3．2．2 Landscape pattem indices47

3．2．2 景观结局指数47

3．2．3 Landscape pattem analysis for the Liaohe River Delta49

3．2．3 辽河三角洲景观格局分析49

3．2．4 黄河三角洲景观格局分析52

3．2．4 Landscape pattem analysis for the Yellow River Delta52

3．3 景观破碎化分析54

3．3．1 景观破碎化指数54

3．3 Landscape fragmentation analysis54

3．3．1 Indices for landscape fragmentation54

3．3．2 Fragmentation analysis57

3．3．2 破碎化分析57

3．4 Landscape corridor analysis58

3．4．1 Classification of corridors58

3．4 景观廊道分析58

3．4．1 廊道类型划分58

3．4．2 廊道的判定59

3．4．2 Delineation of corridors59

3．4．3 Corridor functions60

3．4．4 Corridor systems60

3．4．3 廊道的功能60

3．4．4 廊道系统60

3．4．5 Corridor structure analysis for the Liaobe River Delta61

3．4．5 辽河三角洲景观廊道结构分析61

3．4．6 Corridor function analysis for the landscape of Liaohe River Delta63

3．4．6 辽河三角洲景观廊道功能分析63

3．5 景观尺度变换分析——以黄河三角洲为例64

3．5 Scale analysis64

3．5．1 尺度对斑块的影响65

3．5．1 The effect of scale on patches65

3．5．2 尺度对景观面积的影响68

3．5．2 The effect of scale on landscape area68

3．5．3 The effect of scale on landscape diversity69

3．5．3 尺度对景观多样性的影响69

3．5．4 最佳尺度的选择70

3．5．4 The optimal scale selection70

3．6．1 辽河三角洲湿地的景观变化72

3．6 景观变化分析72

3．6．1 Landscape change in the Liaohe River Delta72

3．6 Landscape change analysis72

3．6．2 黄河三角洲湿地的景观变化73

3．6．2 Landscape change in the Yellow River Delta73

4．1．1 Species diversity77

4．1 Biodiversity in the deltaic wetlands around Bohai Sea77

Chapter4． Wetland biodiversity and waterfowl habitats77

4．1．1 物种多样性77

4．1 三角洲湿地的生物多样性概况77

第四章 湿地的生物多样性及水禽生境77

4．1．2 Landscape diversity78

4．1．2 景观多样性78

4．2．1 Types of wetland vegetation community80

4．2．1 湿地植物群落类型80

4．2 湿地植物群落80

4．2 Wetland vegetation community80

4．2．2 Habitats in vegetation community82

4．2．2 植物群落生境82

4．2．3 植物群落演替83

4．2．3 Succession of vegetation community83

4．3 Bird species84

4．3．1 The family and genus composition of bird species84

4．3．1鸟类物种的科属组成84

4．3 鸟类物种84

4．3．2 The geographical composition of bird species85

4．3．3 Waterfowl species in the deltas85

4．3．3三角洲水禽的种类组成85

4．3．2 鸟类物种的地理成分85

4．4 Habitat classification for wild animals86

4．4．1 Habitat and habitat factors86

4．4．1 生境与生境因子86

4．4野生动物的生境分类86

4．4．2 Hierarchical classification of habitat factors for wild animals88

4．4．2 野生动物生境因子的分级分类88

4．4．3 辽河三角洲湿地水禽的生境类型92

4．4．3 Habitat types for waterfowls in the Liaohe River Delta92

4．5．1 Habitat for red-crowned crane(Grus japonensis)95

4．5 Habitats for main waterfowl species in the Liaohe River Delta95

4．5．1 丹项鹤的生境研究95

4．5 辽河三角洲主要水禽的生境95

4．5．2 Habitat for black-billed gull(Larus saundersii)99

4．5．2 黑嘴鸥的生境研究99

4．5．3 Habitat for white crane(Grus leucogeranus)101

4．5．3 白鹤的生境研究101

4．5．4 白鹳的生境研究103

4．5．4 Habitat for white stork(Ciconia boyciana)103

4．5．5 雁鸭类的生境研究104

4．5．5 Habitat for wild goose and anation species104

4．5．6 Habitat for plover and snipe species105

4．5．6 鴴鹬类的生境研究105

4．6 Fragmentation of habitats for waterfowl species106

4．6 辽河三角洲水禽生境的破碎化106

4．6．1 Habitat fragmentation of red-crowned crane107

4．6．1 丹顶鹤生境的破碎化107

4．6．2 黑嘴鸥生境的破碎化109

4．6．2 Habitat fragmentation of black-billed gull109

4．6．3 白鹤迁徙停歇地生境的破碎化110

4．6．3 Migration habitat fragmentation of white crane110

4．6．4 白鹳迁徙停歇地生境的破碎化111

4．6．4 Migration habitat fragmentation of white stork111

4．6．5 雁鸭类生境的破碎化112

4．6．5 Habitat fragmentation of wild goose and anatine species112

4．6．6 鴴鹬类生境的破碎化113

4．6．6 Habitat fragmentation of plover and snipe species113

4．7 辽河三角洲湿地水禽生境的调整与管理114

4．7 Habitat adjustment and management for waterfowl species in the wetland of Liaohe River Delta114

4．7．1 Partition of function areas114

4．7．1 功能区划分114

4．7．2 Adjustment of habitat types116

4．7．2 生境类型调整116

5．1 Hydrological circulation of natural wetlands117

5．1．1 Water balance in the wetland of Liaohe River Delta117

Chapter5． Hydrological adjustment of deltaic wetlands117

第五章 三角洲湿地水文调节117

5．1 自然湿地的水循环特征117

5．1．1 辽河三角洲湿地水量平衡117

5．1．2 Water resource and capacity estimation in the Liaohe River Delta120

5．1．2 辽河三角洲水资源概算与湿地蓄水容量120

5．1．3 辽河三角洲湿地水更新率121

5．1．3 Water replacement rate in the Liao he River Delta121

5．1．4 Hydrological circulation in the wetland of Yellow River Delta124

5．1．4 黄河三角洲湿地水循环特征124

5．2 人工湿地的水文调节128

5．2 Hydrological adjustment of artificial wetlands128

5．2．1 Water capacity of plain reservoirs129

5．2．1 平原水库蓄水功能129

5．2．2 Water balance in the paddy fields131

5．2．2 稻田水量平衡131

5．2．3 The benefit of water storage and flooding control from canals135

5．2．3 灌溉渠系的蓄水及防洪效益135

5．3 The benefit of flooding control from current irrigation works136

5．3．1 Causing factors and characteristics of flooding in the Liaohe River Delta136

5．3．1 洪水成因及特征136

5．3 现有水利设施的防洪效益136

5．3．2 Flooding hazards and economical loss137

5．3．2 洪涝灾害和经济损失137

5．3．3 辽河三角洲湿地的水文地质特征与地下含水层的调洪功能139

5．3．3 Hydro-geological characteristics and flooding regulation function of underground aquifer139

5．3．4 Partition of wetland flooding control area140

5．3．4 湿地防洪功能分区140

5．3．5 The effect of flooding on wetland formation142

5．3．5 洪水对于湿地形成的动力作用142

Chapter6． Nutrient circulation in the reed bed soils143

6．1 Soil types in the Liaohe River Delta143

6．1．1 Characteristics of soil formation143

6．1．1 土壤形成特点143

6．1 辽河三角洲的土壤143

第六章 苇田湿地土壤养分循环143

6．1．2 Soil types and distribution in the Liaohe River Delta144

6．1．2 辽河三角洲土壤的分类与分布144

6．2．2 Soil salt148

6．2 Characters and nutrient status of reed bed soil148

6．2．1 Soil texture148

6．2．2 土壤盐分特性148

6．2 苇田土壤特征与养分状况148

6．2．1 土壤质地148

6．3．1 Indices and calculation methods for biological nutrient circulation in the reed fields149

6．3 Biological nutrient circulation in the reed field149

6．2．3 Soil nutrient149

6．3．1 苇田养分生物循环的指标及其计算方法149

6．2．3 土壤养分状况149

6．3 苇田养分生物循环149

6．3．2 辽河三角洲的苇田养分循环150

6．3．2 Nutrient circulation in the reed field of Liaohe River Delta150

6．4 Management and productivity in the reed fields151

6．4 苇田管理与产量151

7．1 模型研究的目的与意义153

第七章 辽河三角洲湿地氮、磷去除效应模型153

7．1 Introduction153

Chapter7． Spatial modeling on the nutrient reduction in the Liaohe River Delta153

7．2 模型初始化:数据源与分析模型154

7．2．1 数据源154

7．2 Model initialization:data sources and analytical models154

7．2．1 Data sources154

7．2．2 Main features and objects related to the model155

7．2．2 与模型有关的主要地物和实体155

7．2．3 基本分析模型157

7．2．3 Primary analytical models157

7．2．4 适用于全模型的假设条件159

7．2．4 Hypothesis applicable to the whole model159

7．3 Simulation model based on field data161

7．3．1 灌渠子系统的非线性回归模型161

7．3．1 Non-linear spatial model for the canal system161

7．3 以野外数据为基础的模拟模型161

7．3．2 苇田子系统非线性和线性模拟模型162

7．3．2 Non-linear and linear model for the reed system162

7．3．3 整个灌区的总体模型164

7．3．3 Total model for the whole irrigation area164

7．3．4 以非线性模型为基础的养分去除总量估计167

7．3．4 Nutrient reduction estimation based on non-linear simulation model167

7．3．5 Model verification for the field data based model170

7．3．5 以野外观测数据为主的模型验证170

7．4 以文献数据为基础的模拟模型171

7．4．1 Mander和Mauring的回归模型171

7．4 Simulation model based on literature data171

7．4．1 Mander- -Mauring regression model171

7．4．2 Verification for Mander- -Mauring model174

7．4．2 对Mander和Mauring模型的验证174

7．5．1 氮磷总量平衡估算175

7．5 模型的应用175

7．5 Application of the model175

7．5．1 General balance for nitrogen and phosphorous175

7．5．3 湿地养分去除量的上限估算176

7．5．2 10年间辽河三角洲湿地养分去除量的变化176

7．5．2 Nutrient reduction change within10 years in the Liaohe River Delta176

7．5．3 The potential ability of nutrient reduction in the wetlands176

8．2 Methods178

8．1 研究意义与模型假设178

8．2 研究方法178

Chapter8． The effect of landscape pattern on nutrient reduction in the wetland178

8．1 Introduction and hypothesis178

第八章 景观空间格局对湿地养分去除功能的影响178

8．2．1 灌渠密度179

8．2．1 Canal density179

8．2．2 Reed area size180

8．2．2 苇田面积大小180

8．2．3 苇田面积缩减格局180

8．2．3 Reed area shrinking pattem180

8．2．4 泵站分布位置181

8．2．4 Pumping station position181

8．3 Results182

8．3．1 The effect of canal density182

8．3．1 不同灌渠密度的影响182

8．3 研究结果182

8．3．2 总输入负荷不变时,苇田面积大小对养分去除效果的影响184

8．3．2 The effect of reed area size when total input load stable184

8．3．3 The effect of reed area size when input load per unit area stable185

8．3．3 总输入负荷减小时,苇田面积大小对去除量的影响185

8．3．4 不同苇田格局的影响187

8．3．4 The effect of reed area distribution pattem187

8．3．5 不同泵站位置对养分去除的影响188

8．3．5 The effect of pumping station position188

8．4 模拟分析189

8．4 Discussion189

第九章 湿地温室气体排放193

9．1 湿地对温室气体CH4排放的贡献193

9．1 The contribution of wetland to greenhouse gasCH4193

Chapter9． Greenhouse gas emission193

9．1．1 国内外研究现状194

9．1．2 The contribution of wetland to CH4 emission194

9．1．1 Introduction194

9．1．2 湿地对CH4排放的贡献194

9．2．1 芦苇湿地CH4排放的季节变化196

9．2 中国芦苇湿地CH4排放196

9．2．1 Seasonal dynamics of CH4 emission in reed marsh196

9．2 CH4 emission in Chinese wetlands196

9．2．2 芦苇植株与环境因子对CH4排放的影响197

9．2．2 The effect of reed plant and environmental factors on CH4 emission197

9．3 N2O in Chinese wetlands201

9．3．1 Seasonal dynamics of N2O in the reed fields201

9．3．1 芦苇地N2O排放季节变化201

9．3 中国芦苇湿地N2O排放201

9．3．2 The transference of reed plant for N2O203

9．4 Estimation of CH4 and N2O emission203

9．4 CH4和N2O排放量估算203

9．3．2 芦苇植株对N2O的传输作用203

9．5 土地利用变化对温室气体排放的影响204

9．5．1 芦苇改种水稻后的CH4和N2O通量204

9．5 The effect of land use change on greenhouse gas emission204

9．5．1 The emission rate of CH4 and N2O after land conversion from reed to paddy204

9．5．2 土地利用变化对CH4和H2O排放的影响及总量估算205

9．5．3 调控对策205

9．5．2 The effect of land use change on CH4 and N2O emission rate and total emission estimation205

9．5．3 Regulation strategies205

Chapter10． The effect of sea level rising on the wetlands around Bohai Sea207

第十章 海平面上升对环渤海湿地的影响207

10．1 温室效应、全球变暖与海平面上升问题207

10．1 Green house effect,global warming and sea level rising207

10．2 The types,factors and behavior of sea level rising in China209

10．2 海平面上升的类型、原因以及在中国的表现与危害209

10．2．1 The global absolute sea level rising210

10．2．1 全球性的、绝对的海平面上升210

10．2．2 The regional relative sea level rising212

10．2．2 地区性的、相对的海平面上升212

10．2．3 中国沿海海平面上升情景与危害213

10．2．3 The scene and harm of sea level rising along the coast of china213

10．2．4 The sea level rising in the Liaohe and Yellow River deltas215

10．2．4 辽河、黄河两大三角洲区海平面上升情景及其影响因素分析215

10．3．1 The loss caused by direct inundation220

10．3 The effect of sea level rising around Bohai sea on the Liaohe and Yellow River deltas220

10．3．1 直接淹没大片湿地地区220

10．3 环渤海海平面上升对辽河、黄河三角洲湿地的影响220

10．3．2 The accelerated wetland recession225

10．3．2 加剧湿地的侵蚀后退225

10．3．3 Salty water intrusion and pollution spread230

10．3．3咸水入侵,扩散污染,恶化环境230

10．3．4 风暴潮与洪涝灾害加剧231

10．3．4 Storm tide and aggravated hazards231

10．4 Wetland protection around Bohai Sea232

10．4 环渤海湿地保护对策232

10．4．1 增强对防灾与湿地生态环境保护意义的认识232

10．4．1 More emphasize on hazards prevention and environment protrction232

10．4．2 积极研究对策、措施233

10．4．2 More study on strategies and measures233

Chapter11． The effect of agricultural exploration on wetlands236

第十一章 农业开发对湿地的影响236

11．1 The agricultural exploration in the study area236

11．1 区域农业开发简况236

11．1．1 辽河三角洲的农业开发236

11．1．1 Agricultural exploration ih the Liaohe River Delta236

11．1．2 Agricultural exploration in the Yellow River Delta237

11．1．2 黄河三角洲的农业开发237

11．1．3 The formation of artificial wetlands and new wetland landscape238

11．1．3 人工湿地的形成和新湿地景观238

11．2 稻田开发对湿地生态环境的影响239

11．2．1 土壤脱盐与潜水淡化239

11．2 The effect of paddy field reclamation on the wetlands239

11．2．1 Soil desaltification and groundwater desalination239

11．2．2 稻田土壤养分变化及对地下水的影响243

11．2．2 Paddy soil nutrition change and its effect on groundwater243

11．3 水稻田盐分预测预报模型245

11．3 The prediction model of paddy soil salt content245

11．3．1 Mathematical model for dynamical soil salt prediction246

11．3．1 土壤盐分动态集成预报模型的数学描述246

11．3．2 水稻田盐分预测预报模型的参数及检验248

11．3．2 Parameters and verification of salt prediction model for the paddy field248

11．3．3 集成预报模型的单点模拟与区域预测250

11．3．3 Aggregated single point simulation and regional prediction250

11．4．1 以发展水生饲料为中心的生态养殖模式255

11．4 生态农业技术的典型模式255

11．4．1 Ecological breeding ponds for aqua-feedstuff255

11．4 Typical models of eco-farming technology255

11．4．2 Vertical farming with rice,duckweed and crabs257

11．4．2 稻-萍-蟹立体农业模式257

第十二章 油田开发对湿地的影响259

12．1 环渤海三角洲油气藏分布及开发概况259

12．1 The distribution of oil and gas layers around Bohai Sea259

Chapter12． The effect of oil exploration on wetlands259

12．2 石油工业开发的环境污染途径分析260

12．2 The pollution caused by oil exploration260

12．3 油田开发对三角洲湿地环境的影响261

12．3．1 石油工业的三废排放261

12．3 The effect of oil exploration on the wetlands in the deltas261

12．3．1 Waste pollutants from oil industry261

12．3．2 The effect of oil exploration on shallow water besch265

12．3．2 油田开发对浅海滩涂环境的影响265

12．3．3 The effect of oil exploration on soil-plant system267

12．3．3 油田开发对土壤-植物系统的影响267

12．4 The water quality and water pollution in the Yellow River Delta269

12．4 黄河三角洲湿地的水体质量与水质污染状况269

12．5．1 地表水环境271

12．5 辽河三角洲湿地的水体质量与水质污染状况271

12．5．1 Surface water quality271

12．5 The water quality and water pollution in the Liaohe River Delta271

12．5．2 水库水质272

12．5．2 Reservoir water quality272

12．5．3 Sea water quality ih the lower tidal belt273

12．5．3 潮下带海水水质273

12．6 加强油田管理、保护湿地资源274

12．6 Management of the oil field for wetland resource protection274

13．1 区域生态风险评价的理论与方法275

第十三章 湿地区域生态风险评价275

13．1．1 从环境影响评价到生态风险评价275

Chapter13． Regional ecological risk assessment275

13．1 Theory and methods for regional ecological risk assessment275

13．1．1 Environment effect assessment and ecological risk assessment275

13．1．2 Characters and contents of ecological risk assessment275

13．1．2 生态风险评价的特点与内容275

13．1．3 区域生态风险评价278

13．1．3 Regional ecological risk assessment278

13．2．1 研究区的界定282

13．2．2 风险受体分析282

13．2 辽河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价282

13．2．1 The delineation of study area282

13．2．2 Risk receptor assessment282

13．2 Regional ecological risk assessment in the wetland of Liaohe River Delta282

13．2．3 风险源分析283

13．2．3 Risk source assessment283

13．2．4 Exposure and hazard assessment285

13．2．4 暴露和危害分析285

13．2．5 区域生态风险综合评价288

13．2．5 Global assessment on the regional ecological risks288

13．2．6 区域风险管理对策290

13．2．6 Regional risk management strategies290

13．3 黄河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价292

13．3．1 研究区的界定292

13．3．2 风险受体分析292

13．3．2 Risk receptor assessment292

13．3．1 The delineation of study area292

13．3 Regional ecological risk assessment in the wetland of Yellow Delta292

13．3．3 风险源分析293

13．3．3 Risk source assessment293

13．3．4 暴露和危害分析294

13．3．4 Exposure and hazard assessment294

13．3．5 区域生态风险综合评价296

13．3．5 Global assessment on the regional ecological risks296

13．3．6 区域风险管理对策298

13．3．6 Regional risk management strategies298

第十四章 湿地管理与景观生态规划301

14．1 湿地保护与管理策略:湿地生境更新与调整301

14．1．1 生境更新301

14．1．1Habitat renewal301

14．1 Wetland protection and management:Habitat renewal and mitigation301

Chapter14． Watland management and landscape ecological planning301

14．1．2 Habitat mitigation302

14．1．2 生境调整302

14．1．3 生境更新与调整及各自适用性303

14．1．3 The application of habitat renewal and habitat mitigation strategies303

14．1．4 The way of habitat renewal304

14．1．4 生境更新的途径与方法304

14．1．5 The way of habitat mitigation305

14．1．5 生境调整的途径与方法305

14．1．6 Habitat renewal,mitigation and management305

14．1．6 生境更新、调整与生境管理305

14．2．1 Scenarios and scenarios study306

14．2．1 预案 与预案研究306

14．2 Scenarios study and LEDESS model306

14．2 预案研究方法及景观生态决策与评价支持系统306

14．2．2 A tool for scenarios study:LEDESS MODEL308

14．2．2 预案评价工具——景观生态决策与评价支持系统308

14．3．1 Data sources and its analysis314

14．3 数据资料处理及辽河三角洲景观规划的预案设计314

14．3．1 数据资料来源及其处理314

14．3 Data analysis and scenarios designing for the landscape of Liaohe River Delta314

14．3．2 预案设计的限制因子及有关假设319

14．3．2 Limitation factors and hypothesis319

14．3．3 预案设计321

14．3．3 Scenarios designing321

14．3．4 LEDESS模型知识库系统的构建326

14．3．4 Knowledge system for LEDESS model326

14．4．1 生态后果空间模拟方法333

14．4 Spatial simulation for the ecological consequences of different scenarios333

14．4．1 Spatial simulation methods for different ecological consequences333

14．4 各预案生态后果空间模拟333

14．4．2 Strategies and spatial positioning334

14．4．2 实施措施及其空间定位334

14．4．3 Natural ecological units and land cover change337

14．4．3 自然生态单元与地表覆盖物的变化337

14．4．4 Habitat suitability change340

14．4．4 生境适宜性的变化340

14．4．5 指示物种繁殖生境的生态承载力347

14．4．5 Ecological capacity for the breeding habitats of indicator species347

14．5 Spatial analysis on regional ecological and economical effect354

14．5．1 Indicators for regional eco-economical benefit assessment354

14．5．1 区域生态经济效益评价指标的建立354

14．5 区域生态经济效应的空间分析354

14．5．2 结果与分析355

14．5．2 Results and analysis355

14．6．1 General evaluation for different scenarios and conclusions359

14．6 预案研究结果及其讨论359

14．6．1 各预案的总体评价及相关结论359

14．6 Scenarios study results and discussion359

14．6．2 预案研究结果对区域生物保护与资源开发的启示362

14．6．2 The indicative value of scenarios study results for regional bio-protection and resource exploration362

14．6．3 关于预案研究方法和LEDESS模型366

14．6．3 Scenarios study and LEDESS model366

Chapter15． Evaluation on ecologlcal service function in the Liaohe River Delta368

第十五章 生态系统服务价值评估368

15．1 盘锦地区生态系统服务功能分析369

15．1 Ecosystem service function analysis in the Panjin region369

15．2．1 物质生产功能370

15．2 盘锦地区生态系统服务功能价值估算370

15．2 Ecosystem service value assessment ih the Panjin region370

15．2．1 Material production370

15．2．2 Atmosphere component regulation372

15．2．2 大气组分调节功能372

15．2．3 Hydrological regulation377

15．2．3 水分调节377

15．2．4 Purification function380

15．2．4 净化功能380

15．2．5 Hahitat function383

15．2．5 提供栖息地功能383

15．2．6 文化科研功能386

15．2．7 美学(旅游)价值386

15．2．7 Aesthetic(touriam)function386

15．2．6 Educational and scientific research function386

15．3 Statistics and analysis388

15．3 统计与分析388

16．1 Comparison of natural environment390

Chapter16． Optional models for regional sustainable development:the Liaohe and Yellow River deltas390

16．1 自然环境的对比390

第十六章 区域可持续发展的模式选择390

16．2 开发历史的对比392

16．2 Comparison of reclamation history392

16．3．1 土地利用结构的对比393

16．3 经济社会发展状况的对比393

16．3．1 Comparison of landuse structure393

16．3 Comparison of social-economical development393

16．3．2 Comparison of industrial structure394

16．3．2 产业结构的对比394

16．3．3 Comparison of social development398

16．3．3 社会发展状况的对比398

16．4 Comparison of development trend and limitation factors399

16．4．1 The development trend of oil and gas industry399

16．4．1 石油、天然气生产发展趋势399

16．4 发展趋势与限制因素的对比399

16．4．2 The development trend of grain and reed production400

16．4．2 粮食和芦苇生产发展趋势400

16．4．3 The development trend of water resource shortage401

16．4．3 水资源短缺的趋势401

16．4．4 The problems and development trend of natural reserves403

16．4．4 自然保护区面临的问题和发展趋势403

16．4．5 Main limitation factors404

16．5 Optional models for regional sustainable development404

16．5．1 Water and soil harness model404

16．5．1 水土整治模式404

16．5 区域可持续发展的模式选择404

16．4．5 主要制约因素404

16．5．2 Structure adjustment model405

16．5．2 结构调整模式405

16．5．3 Eco-farming models406

16．5．4 Environment protection and optimization406

16．5．4 环境保护和优化模式406

16．5．3 生态农业模式406

References408

主要参考文献408