数据库系统入门 英文PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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PART Ⅰ PRELIMINARIES1

Chapter 1 An Overview of Database Management3

1.1 Introduction3

1.2 What Is a Database System?6

1.3 What Is a Database?11

1.4 Why Database?16

1.5 Data Independence20

1.6 Relational Systems and Others26

1.7 Summary28

Exercises29

References and Bibliography31

Chapter 2 Database System Architecture33

2.1 Introduction33

2.2 The Three Levels of the Architecture34

2.3 The External Level37

2.4 The Conceptual Level39

2.5 The Internal Level40

2.6 Mappings41

2.7 The Database Administrator42

2.8 The Database Management System44

2.9 Data Communications48

2.10 Client/Server Architecture49

2.11 Utilities51

2.12 Distributed Processing51

2.13 Summary55

Exercises56

References and Bibliography56

Chapter 3 An Introduction to Relational Databases59

3.1 Introduction59

3.2 An Informal Look at the Relational Model60

3.3 Relations and Relvars64

3.4 What Relations Mean66

3.5 Optimization69

3.6 The Catalog71

3.7 Base Relvars and Views72

3.8 Transactions76

3.9 The Suppliers-and-Parts Database77

3.10 Summary79

Exercises81

References and Bibliography81

Chapter 4 An Introduction to SQL85

4.1 Introduction85

4.2 Overview86

4.3 The Catalog89

4.4 Views90

4.5 Transactions91

4.6 Embedded SQL91

4.7 Dynamic SQL and SQL/CLI97

4.8 SQL Is Not Perfect100

4.9 Summary101

Exercises102

References and Bibliography104

PART Ⅱ THE RELATIONAL MODEL109

Chapter 5 Types111

5.1 Introduction111

5.2 Values vs.Variables112

5.3 Types vs.Representations115

5.4 Type Definition119

5.5 Operators122

5.6 Type Generators127

5.7 SQL Facilities128

5.8 Summary136

Exercises137

References and Bibliography139

Chapter 6 Relations141

6.1 Introduction141

6.2 Tuples141

6.3 Relation Types146

6.4 Relation Values148

6.5 Relation Variables156

6.6 SQL Facilities161

6.7 Summary167

Exercises168

References and Bibliography170

Chapter 7 Relational Algebra173

7.1 Introduction173

7.2 Closure Revisited175

7.3 The Original Algebra:Syntax177

7.4 The Original Algebra:Semantics180

7.5 Examples190

7.6 What Is the Algebra For?192

7.7 Further Points194

7.8 Additional Operators195

7.9 Grouping and Ungrouping203

7.10 Summary206

Exercises207

References and Bibliography209

Chapter 8 Relational Calculus213

8.1 Introduction213

8.2 Tuple Calculus215

8.3 Examples223

8.4 Calculus vs.Algebra225

8.5 Computational Capabilities230

8.6 SQL Facilities231

8.7 Domain Calculus240

8.8 Query-By-Example242

8.9 Summary247

Exercises248

References and Bibliography250

Chapter 9 Integrity253

9.1 Introduction253

9.2 A Closer Look255

9.3 Predicates and Propositions258

9.4 Relvar Predicates and Database Predicates259

9.5 Checking the Constraints260

9.6 Internal vs.External Predicates261

9.7 Correctness vs.Consistency263

9.8 Integrity and Views265

9.9 A Constraint Classification Scheme266

9.10 Kevs268

9.11 Triggers(a Digression)277

9.12 SQL Facilities279

9.13 Summary284

Exercises285

References and Bibliography288

Chapter 10 Views295

10.1 Introduction295

10.2 What Are Views For?298

10.3 View Retrievals302

10.4 View Updates303

10.5 Snapshots(a Digression)318

10.6 SQL Facilities320

10.7 Summary323

Exercises324

References and Bibliography325

PART Ⅲ DATABASE DESIGN329

Chapter 11 Functional Dependencies333

11.1 Introduction333

11.2 Basic Definitions334

11.3 Trivial and Nontrivial Dependencies337

11.4 Closure of a Set of Dependencies338

11.5 Closure of a Set of Attributes339

11.6 Irreducible Sets of Dependencies341

11.7 Summary343

Exercises344

References and Bibliography345

Chapter 12 Further Normalization Ⅰ:1NF,2NF,3NF,BCNF349

12.1 Introduction349

12.2 Nonloss Decomposition and Functional Dependencies353

12.3 First,Second,and Third Normal Forms357

12.4 Dependency Preservation364

12.5 Boyce/Codd Normal Form367

12.6 A Note on Relation-Valued Attributes373

12.7 Summary375

Exercises376

References and Bibliography378

Chapter 13 Further Normalization Ⅱ:Higher Normal Forms381

13.1 Introduction381

13.2 Multi-valued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form382

13.3 Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form386

13.4 The Normalization Procedure Summarized391

13.5 A Note on Denormalization393

13.6 Orthogonal Design(a Digression)395

13.7 Other Normal Forms398

13.8 Summary400

Exercises401

References and Bibliography402

Chapter 14 Semantic Modeling409

14.1 Introduction409

14.2 The Overall Approach411

14.3 The E/R Model414

14.4 E/R Diagrams418

14.5 Database Design with the E/R Model420

14.6 A Brief Analysis424

14.7 Summary428

Exercises429

References and Bibliography430

PART Ⅳ TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT443

Chapter 15 Recovery445

15.1 Introduction445

15.2 Transactions446

15.3 Transaction Recovery450

15.4 System Recovery453

15.5 Media Recovery455

15.6 Two-Phase Commit456

15.7 Savepoints(a Digression)457

15.8 SQL Facilities458

15.9 Summary459

Exercises460

References and Bibliography460

Chapter 16 Concurrency465

16.1 Introduction465

16.2 Three Concurrency Problems466

16.3 Locking470

16.4 The Three Concurrency Problems Revisited472

16.5 Deadlock474

16.6 Serializability476

16.7 Recovery Revisited478

16.8 Isolation Levels480

16.9 Intent Locking483

16.10 Dropping ACID485

16.11 SQL Facilities490

16.12 Summary491

Exercises492

References and Bibliography494

PART Ⅴ FURTHER TOPICS501

Chapter 17 Security503

17.1 Introduction503

17.2 Discretionary Access Control506

17.3 Mandatory Access Control511

17.4 Statistical Databases513

17.5 Data Encryption519

17.6 SQL Facilities523

17.7 Summary527

Exercises528

References and Bibliography529

Chapter 18 Optimization531

18.1 Introduction531

18.2 A Motivating Example533

18.3 An Overview of Query Processing534

18.4 Expression Transformation539

18.5 Database Statistics544

18.6 A Divide-and-Conquer Strategy545

18.7 Implementing the Relational Operators548

18.8 Summary553

Exercises554

References and Bibliography557

Chapter 19 Missing Information575

19.1 Introduction575

19.2 An Overview of the 3VL Approach577

19.3 Some Consequences of the Foregoing Scheme582

19.4 Nulls and Keys586

19.5 Outer Join(a Digression)589

19.6 Special Values591

19.7 SQL Facilities592

19.8 Summary597

Exercises598

References and Bibliography600

Chapter 20 Type Inheritance605

20.1 Introduction605

20.2 Type Hierarchies610

20.3 Polymorphism and Substitutability613

20.4 Variables and Assignments617

20.5 Specialization by Constraint621

20.6 Comparisons623

20.7 Operators,Versions,and Signatures626

20.8 Is a Circle an Ellipse?630

20.9 Specialization by Constraint Revisited634

20.10 SQL Facilities636

20.11 Summary641

Exercises642

References and Bibliography644

Chapter 21 Distributed Databases647

21.1 Introduction647

21.2 Some Preliminaries648

21.3 The Twelve Objectives652

21.4 Problems of Distributed Systems660

21.5 Client/Server Systems671

21.6 DBMS Independence674

21.7 SQL Facilities679

21.8 Summary680

Exercises681

References and Bibliography682

Chapter 22 Decision Support689

22.1 Introduction689

22.2 Aspects of Decision Support691

22.3 Database Design for Decision Support693

22.4 Data Preparation701

22.5 Data Warehouses and Data Marts704

22.6 Online Analytical Processing709

22.7 Data Mining717

22.8 SQL Facilities719

22.9 Summary720

Exercises721

References and Bibliography722

Chapter 23 Temporal Databases727

23.1 Introduction727

23.2 What Is the Problem?732

23.3 Intervals737

23.4 Packing and Unpacking Relations743

23.5 Generalizing the Relational Operators754

23.6 Database Design758

23.7 Integrity Constraints764

23.8 Summary770

Exercises771

References and Bibliography772

Chapter 24 Logic-Based Databases775

24.1 Introduction775

24.2 Overview776

24.3 Propositional Calculus778

24.4 Predicate Calculus783

24.5 A Proof-Theoretic View of Databases789

24.6 Deductive Database Systems793

24.7 Recursive Query Processing798

24.8 Summary803

Exercises806

References and Bibliography807

PART Ⅵ OBJECTS,RELATIONS,AND XML811

Chapter 25 Object Databases813

25.1 Introduction813

25.2 Objects,Classes,Methods,and Messages817

25.3 A Closer Look822

25.4 A Cradle-to-Grave Example830

25.5 Miscellaneous Issues840

25.6 Summary847

Exercises850

References and Bibliography851

Chapter 26 Object/Relational Databases859

26.1 Introduction859

26.2 The First Great Blunder862

26.3 The Second Great Blunder870

26.4 Implementation Issues874

26.5 Benefits of True Rapprochement876

26.6 SQL Facilities878

26.7 Summary885

Exercises885

References and Bibliography886

Chapter 27 The World Wide Web and XML895

27.1 Introduction895

27.2 The Web and the Internet896

27.3 An Overview of XML897

27.4 XML Data Definition908

27.5 XML Data Manipulation917

27.6 XML and Databases925

27.7 SQL Facilities928

27.8 Summary932

Exercises934

References and Bibliography935

APPENDIXES939

Appendix A The TransRelational TM Model941

A.1 Introduction941

A.2 Three Levels of Abstraction943

A.3 The Basic Idea946

A.4 Condensed Columns952

A.5 Merged Columns956

A.6 Implementing the Relational Operators960

A.7 Summary966

References and Bibliography966

Appendix B SQL Expressions967

B.1 Introduction967

B.2 Table Expressions968

B.3 Boolean Expressions973

Appendix C Abbreviations,Acronyms,and Symbols977