隐喻话语理解的语用认知研究PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Chapter 1 General Introduction1

1.0 Brief introduction to metaphor studies1

1.1 Rationale of this research4

1.2 Purposes of this research8

1.3 Novel metaphor：target of research12

1.3.1 Linguistic analysis oftarget data13

1.3.2 Definition of target data15

1.4 Methodology for this research19

1.5 Overview of the thesis20

Chapter 2 Literature Review of Related Studies22

2.0 Introduction22

2.1 Cognitive approaches to metaphor23

2.1.1 Black's cognitive approach to metaphor24

2.1.2 Lakoff et al.'s cognitive-semantic approach to metaphor29

2.1.3 Conceptual blending/integration-based approach metaphor33

2.1.4 Brief summary36

2.2 Pragmatic-cognitive approaches to metaphor understanding37

2.2.1 Grice'sconception of metaphor as an implicature37

2.2.2 Searle's approach to metaphor as an indirect speech act37

2.2.3 Brief summary39

2.2.4 S＆W's pragma-cognitive approach to metaphor41

2.3 Process-oriented studies of metaphor understanding42

2.3.1 Salience-imbalance model of metaphor understanding42

2.3.2 Structure-mapping model of metaphor understanding43

2.3.3 Domains-interaction model of metaphor understanding45

2.3.4 Class-inclusion model of metaphor understanding47

2.3.5 Brief summary49

2.4 Evaluation and comments of reviewed theories/models50

2.4.1 Respecting the long cognitive tradition of metaphor research50

2.4.2 Weakening the strong claims about metaphoric thought and language51

2.4.3 The danger of scientific reductionism in theories of metaphor53

2.4.4 Reasons for adopting a pragrna-cognitive approach to metaphor study53

Chapter 3 A Relevance-Theoretic Framework to Metaphor Understanding56

3.0 Introduction56

3.1 Metaphor as representation by resemblance58

3.1.1 Descriptive and interpretive dimensions of language use58

3.1.2 Metaphor as a descriptive use of language62

3.1.3 Metaphor as effort-imposing loose talk64

3.2 Basic notions concerning metaphorical understanding66

3.2.1 Mutual manifest-ness：the prerequisite for metaphor understanding66

3.2.2 Optimal relevance：the ultimate goal of metaphor understanding69

3.3 Metaphor interpretation72

3.3.1 Explicatures of metaphorical utterances72

3.3.2 Metaphor as a weak implicature76

3.4 Characterization of the conceptual framework to metaphor understanding83

3.4.1 Metaphor understanding involves three sub-processes83

3.4.2 Metaphor understanding is effort-imposing84

3.5 Summary84

Chapter 4 Metaphoricity and Metaphorization86

4.0 Introduction86

4.1 The notion of metaphoricity87

4.2 Metaphor as a re-conceptualization of entities89

4.2.1 Metaphorization：theory-based rather than similari-ty-based91

4.2.2 Ad hoc construction of'theories'governed by the principle of relevance93

4.3 Metaphorization and de-metaphorization97

4.3.1 Meaning construction：the issue of creativity of metaphor97

4.3.2 Dynamics of metaphorization100

4.4 Proposed criteria for metaphoricity identification101

4.4.1 Two referential criteria of metaphoricity identifica-tion102

4.4.2 Proposed criteria of metaphoricity identification106

4.5 Metaphoricty judgments：an empirical study109

4.6 Summary111

Chapter 5 A Cognitive Process of Novel Metaphor Understanding113

5.0 Introduction113

5.1 Representational assumptions about Topic and Vehicle domains113

5.1.1 Topic and Vehicle as schemas114

5.1.2 Topic and Vehicle asimages117

5.2 Metaphor understanding：identification of explica-tures120

5.3 Metaphor understanding：construction of contextual assumptions121

5.3.1 Constraints on context construction in metaphor understanding122

5.3.2 Accessibility of contextual assumptions130

5.4 Metaphor understanding：constructing implicatures134

5.4.1 Implicature recovery involving non-demonstrative bridging inferences134

5.4.2 Mutual adjustment and emergent structures139

5.5 Heuristics for the choice of possible interpretations141

5.6 Atentativerelevance-oriented model of metaphor understanding143

5.7 Summary145

Chapter 6 Novel Metaphor and Processing Effort147

6.0 Introduction147

6.1 Controversies on the issue of'metaphor and effort'148

6.2 Novelmetaphor understanding as an effort-demanding task151

6.2.1 'Suppression'in metaphor understanding involving more efforts151

6.2.2 Emergents generation in metaphor understanding involving more effort153

6.3 Rationale of the hypothesis about'metaphor and efforts'155

6.3.1 Extra processing effort implies extra cognitive effect155

6.3.2 Weak relevance presupposes extra processing effort157

6.3.3 Brief summary158

6.4 The experiment159

6.4.1 Hypothesis of the experiment159

6.4.2 Experiment on metaphor interpretation difficulty160

6.5 ummary171

Chapter 7 Conclusions and Implications173

7.0 Introduction173

7.1 Brief summary of major findings173

7.2 Implications178

7.2.1 Metaphor understanding involves both social and cognitive factors178

7.2.2 Inevitability of misunderstandings in verbal communication179

7.2.3 Theimportance of individual differences in utterance understanding180

7.2.4 Challenge to contemporary metaphor theory's major claims181

7.2.5 Some other implications182

7.3 Suggestions for further studies184

7.3.1 A more elaborated on-line experimental design might be worked out184

7.3.2 Individual differences in metaphor processing should be considered185

7.3.3 Speaker-related factors should be considered186

7.3.4 The relationships between metaphor and'affect'merit further exploration186

Appendix189

Bibliography200