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CHAPTER Ⅰ1

1．INTRODUCTION OF STYLISTICS AND RHETORIC1

1.1 Definition of Stylistics and Rhetoric2

1.1.1 Definitions of Stylistics and Rhetoric2

1.1.1.1 Definitions of Style3

1.1.1.2 Defining Features in Chinese and English7

1.1.2 The Relationship Between Stylistics and Rhetoric18

1.2 Development of Stylistics and Rhetoric20

1.2.1 The Development of Stylistics20

1.2.2 The Development of Rhetoric30

1.2.2.1 Brief Survey of Classical Rhetoric30

1.2.2.2 Rhetoric in 20th Century32

1.3 Scope of Stylistics and Rhetoric36

1.3.0．Relevant Domains36

1.3.0.1 Stylistics/Rhetoric,Semantics and Pragmatics36

1.3.0.2 Meaning:Rhetoric-Oriented and Semantic-Oriented38

1.3.0.3 Poetics and Stylistics40

1.3.0.4 Grammar and Logic43

1.3.1 Microstylistics46

1.3.1.1 Elements in Formulating Style47

1.3.1.2 Theories of Literary Criticism59

1.3.2 Macrostylistics63

1.3.2.1 Register or Diatypic Varieties65

1.3.2.2 Literary Genres69

1.4 Significance of Studies of Stylistics and Rhetoric76

1.4.1 Great Help in Expression and Understanding of Languages77

1.4.2 Great Help in Employing Achievements in Literary Criticism and Linguistics78

1.4.3 Great Help in Promoting and Developing Computer Science and Information Technology79

1.4.4 Great Significance in Sharing Heritage of Human Civilizations82

Chapter Ⅱ84

2．GENERAL SURVEY OF LANGUAGE DEVICES:THE ACTIVE RHETORICAL MEANS AND THE PASSIVE RHETORICAL MEANS84

2.1．The Active Rhetorical Means85

2.1.1 Figures of Speech90

2.1.2 Other Active Rhetoric Means92

2.1.2.1 Shape of Text95

2.1.2.2 De-capitalization96

2.1.2.3 Categorical Contrast97

2.1.2.4 Tense97

2.1.2.5 Number97

2.1.2.6 Gender98

2.1.2.7 Case98

2.1.2.8 Aspect98

2.1.2.9 Comparative Degree of Adjectives98

2.2 The Passive Rhetorical Means98

2.2.1 Diction—Choices of Words99

2.2.2 Sentence Length,its Structure,Paragraph104

2.3 More Analyses:Rhetorical Processes and Stylistic Outcomes109

2.3.1 A Rhetorician's Analysis:Active Rhetorical Means and Passive Rhetorical Means111

2.3.1.1 Active Rhetorical Means111

2.3.1.2 Passive Rhetorical Means115

2.3.2 A Stylistician's Analysis:Identifying and Evaluating the Style of the Text117

2.3.3 Stylistic Variants:Testing Stylistic Effects by Rewriting or Paraphrasing126

Chapter Ⅲ132

3．DETAILED STUDIES OF ACTIVE RHETORICAL MEANS:FIGURES OF SPEECH132

3.1 Figures of Resemblance and Relationship133

3.1.1 Allegory133

3.1.2 Allusion135

3.1.3 Analogy136

3.1.4 Animism137

3.1.5 Antonomasia137

2.1.6．Apostrophe138

3.1.7 Conceit138

3.1.8 Enallage139

3.1.9 Euphemism139

3.1.10 Fable139

2.1.11 Invocation140

3.1.12 Kenning140

3.1.13 Metalepsis141

3.1.14 Metaphor142

3.1.15 Metonymy146

3.1.16．Pathetic Fallacy146

3.1.17 Personification147

3.1.18 Simile148

3.1.19 Synecdoche148

3.2 Figures of Emphasis or Understatement149

3.2.1 Anastrophe/Hyperbaton149

3.2.2 Anticlimax149

3.2.3 Antiphrasis150

3.2.4 Antithesis150

3.2.5 Aphorism151

3.2.6 Apophthegm/maxim/aphorism152

3.2.7 Aporia153

3.2.8 Apophasis153

3.2.9 Apostrophe154

3.2.10 Asyndeton155

3.2.11 Bathos156

3.2.12 Climax156

3.2.13 Correction156

3.2.14 Epigram157

3.2.15 Euphuism159

3.2.16 Jeu d'esprit159

3.2.17 Hyperbaton160

3.2.18 Hyperbole161

3.2.19 Hypotaxis161

3.2.20 Innuendo162

3.2.21 Irony164

3.2.22 Litotes163

3.2.23 Meiosis163

3.2.24 Oxymoron164

3.2.25 Paradox164

3.2.26 Paralipsis165

3.2.27 Parataxis166

3.2.28 Periphrasis167

3.2.29．Polysyndeton167

3.2.30 Sarcasm167

3.2.31 Satire169

3.2.32 Systrophe170

3.2.33 Tapinosis170

3.3 Figures of Sound171

3.3.1 Anadiplosis171

3.3.2 Alliteration172

3.3.3 Assonance172

3.3.4 Consonance173

3.3.5 Dissonance173

3.3.6 Melopoeia173

3.4．Verbal Games and Gymnastics174

3.4.1 Anacoluthon174

3.4.2 Anagram175

3.4.3 Antistrophe175

3.4.4 Hypallage176

3.4.5 Palindrome176

3.4.6 Parody176

3.4.7 Portmanteau Word177

3.4.8 Pun178

3.4.9 Reverse178

3.4.10 Syllepsis179

3.4.11 Transferred Epithet180

3.4.12 Zeugma180

3.5 Errors181

3.5.1 Anachronism181

3.5.2 Bull181

3.5.3 Malapropism181

3.5.4 Metathesis182

3.5.5 Mimesis182

3.5.6 Spoonerism183

Chapter Ⅳ184

4．DETAILED STUDIES OF PASSIVE RHETORICAL DEVICES184

4.1 Diction—Choices of Words184

4.1.1 Introduction184

4.1.1.1 Diction184

4.1.1.2 Word Formation185

4.1.2 Word Functions188

4.1.2.1 Choosing Words According to Nature188

4.1.2.2 Choosing Words According to Use194

4.2 Sentences:Combination of Words196

4.2.0 Introduction196

4.2.1 Passive Rhetorical Sentential Devices196

4.2.1.1 Pleonastic Sentences196

4.2.1.2 Periodic Sentences197

4.2.1.3 The Use of Loose Sentences197

4.2.1.4 The Use of Balanced Sentences197

4.2.2 Essential Qualities of Sentences197

4.2.2.1 Sentence Cleanness198

4.2.2.2 Sentence Unity200

4.2.2.3 Sentence Coherence201

4.2.2.4 Sentence Emphasis202

4.2.2.5 Sentence Euphony204

4.2.2.6 Sentence Strength206

4.3 Paragraphs:Organization of Sentences207

4.3.1 The Principles of Composing Paragraphs208

4.3.1.1 Unity of a Paragraph208

4.3.1.2 Coherence of Paragraph209

4.3.1.3 Information Selection of a Paragraph209

4.3.1.4 Proportion of Paragraph210

4.3.1.5 Length of a Paragraph210

4.3.2 Types of Paragraphs210

4.3.2.1 The Isolated Paragraphs211

4.3.2.2 The Related Paragraphs211

4.3.3 Means of Paragraph Development212

4.3.3.1 General Discussion212

4.3.3.2 Means for Developing Exposition212

4.4 Texts:Arrangement of Paragraphs213

4.4.0 Introduction213

4.4.1 Types of Texts214

4.4.1.1 Literary Writing214

4.4.1.1.1 Poetry214

4.4.1.1.2 Novel218

4.4.1.1.3 Prose219

4.4.1.1.4 Drama219

4.4.1.2 Academic Writing220

4.4.1.2.1 Research Papers220

4.4.1.2.2 Science Reports220

4.4.1.3 Practical Writing220

4.4.2 Analysis of the Texts227

Chapter Ⅴ242

5．REMARKS ON THE STYLE THROUGH RHETORICAL DEVICES242

5.1 Detailed Branching of Framework of Stylistics and Rhetoric242

5.2 Conclusion244

BIBLIOGRAPHY250

APPENDIX Ⅰ：ENGLISH USED FOR HOLDING A MEETING253

APPENDIX Ⅱ HOLDING MEETING IN ENGLISH264