中微子 从粒子物理学到天文学和宇宙学 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

中微子 从粒子物理学到天文学和宇宙学 英文版PDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

1 Neutrinos：Past,Present and Future1

1.1 Neutrinos in Nuclear and Particle Physics1

1.1.1 Pauli's Neutrino Hypothesis2

1.1.2 Weak Interactions and Neutrinos3

1.1.3 Discoveries of Neutrinos4

1.2 Neutrinos in Astronomy and Cosmology6

1.2.1 Neutrinos from Stars and Supernovae7

1.2.2 High-energy Cosmic Neutrinos9

1.2.3 Cosmic Neutrino Background10

1.3 Knowledge and Questions on Neutrinos11

1.3.1 Present Knowledge on Neutrinos12

1.3.2 Open Questions on Neutrinos14

References17

2 Neutrinos within the Standard Model21

2.1 Fundamentals of the Standard Model21

2.1.1 Gauge Symmetries21

2.1.2 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking23

2.1.3 Renormalizability25

2.1.4 The Standard Electroweak Model28

2.2 Standard Interactions of Neutrinos32

2.2.1 Neutrino-electron Scattering34

2.2.2 Neutrino-neutrino Scattering39

2.2.3 Neutrino-nucleon Interactions40

2.3 Neutrino Propagation in a Medium43

2.3.1 Coherent Forward Scattering43

2.3.2 The Effective Potential47

2.3.3 Neutrino Self-energy Approach51

References58

3 Neutrinos beyond the Standard Model61

3.1 Experimental Evidence for Neutrino Masses61

3.1.1 Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations62

3.1.2 Accelerator Neutrino Oscillations63

3.1.3 Solar Neutrino Oscillations64

3.1.4 Reactor Neutrino Oscillations67

3.1.5 Implications of Experimental Data69

3.2 Dirac and Majorana Neutrino Mass Terms69

3.2.1 Dirac Masses and Lepton Number Conservation71

3.2.2 Majorana Masses and Lepton Number Violation73

3.2.3 Hybrid Mass Terms and Seesaw Mechanisms75

3.3 C,P and T Properties of Fermion Fields79

3.3.1 C,P and T Transformations of Spinor Bilinears79

3.3.2 CP Violation in Quark and Lepton Sectors81

3.4 Electromagnetic Properties of Massive Neutrinos86

3.4.1 Electromagnetic Form Factors86

3.4.2 Magnetic and Electric Dipole Moments89

3.4.3 Radiative Decays of Massive Neutrinos92

3.4.4 Electromagnetic Neutrino-electron Scattering94

3.5 Lepton Flavor Mixing and CP Violation97

3.5.1 Classification of Different Parametrizations97

3.5.2 Democratic and Tri-bimaximal Mixing Patterns100

3.5.3 Rephasing Invariants and Unitarity Triangles103

3.5.4 Flavor Problems in Particle Physics105

3.6 Running Behaviors of Neutrino Mass Parameters108

3.6.1 One-loop Renormalization-group Equations109

3.6.2 Evolution of Majorana Neutrino Mass Parameters111

3.6.3 Evolution of Dirac Neutrino Mass Parameters116

References119

4 Seesaw Mechanisms of Neutrino Masses125

4.1 How to Generate Tiny Neutrino Masses125

4.1.1 Non-seesaw Mechanisms126

4.1.2 Seesaw Mechanisms128

4.1.3 The Weinberg Operator129

4.2 On the Scales of Seesaw Mechanisms133

4.2.1 Seesaw-induced Hierarchy Problem133

4.2.2 Seesaw-induced Naturalness Problem134

4.3 Seesaw Mechanisms at the TeV Scale135

4.3.1 Type-ⅠSeesaw Mechanism135

4.3.2 Type-ⅡSeesaw Mechanism137

4.3.3 Type-(Ⅰ+Ⅱ) Seesaw Mechanism138

4.3.4 Type-ⅢSeesaw Mechanism140

4.3.5 Inverse Seesaw Mechanism141

4.4 Multiple Seesaw Mechanisms142

4.4.1 Two Classes of Multiple Seesaw Mechanisms143

4.4.2 Charged-current Interactions147

4.5 Non-unitary Neutrino Mixing and CP Violation150

4.5.1 Jarlskog Invariants of CP Violation151

4.5.2 Mixing Angles and CP-violating Phases152

References155

5 Phenomenology of Neutrino Oscillations159

5.1 Neutrino Oscillations and Matter Effects159

5.1.1 Neutrino Oscillations in Vacuum160

5.1.2 Adiabatic Neutrino Oscillations in Matter164

5.1.3 Non-adiabatic Neutrino Oscillations in Matter168

5.1.4 The 3×3 Neutrino Mixing Matrix in Matter171

5.1.5 Leptonic Unitarity Triangles in Matter174

5.2 Neutrino Oscillations and Quantum Coherence177

5.2.1 A Paradox of Neutrino Oscillations178

5.2.2 The Wave-packet Approach182

5.2.3 Coherence of Cosmic Neutrinos184

5.3 Density Matrix Formulation187

5.3.1 Two-flavor Neutrino Oscillations188

5.3.2 Three-flavor Neutrino Oscillations193

5.3.3 Non-linear Evolution Equations195

5.4 Future Long-baseline Neutrino Oscillation Facilities201

5.4.1 Prospects of Accelerator Neutrino Experiments201

5.4.2 Prospects of Reactor Antineutrino Experiments206

References209

6 Neutrinos from Stars213

6.1 Stellar Evolution in a Nutshell213

6.1.1 Distance,Luminosity and Mass213

6.1.2 Basic Equations of Stellar Evolution218

6.1.3 Energy Sources of Stars223

6.1.4 The Mass-Luminosity Relation226

6.2 Neutrinos from the Sun227

6.2.1 The Standard Solar Model228

6.2.2 Proton-proton Chain and CNO Cycle230

6.2.3 Solar Neutrino Fluxes232

6.3 Experimental Detection of Solar Neutrinos233

6.3.1 Radiochemical Methods233

6.3.2 Water Cherenkov Detectors237

6.3.3 Future Solar Neutrino Experiments240

6.4 Solar Neutrino Oscillations241

6.4.1 The Solar Neutrino Problem241

6.4.2 The MSW Matter Effects242

6.4.3 Constraints on Neutrino Properties244

References245

7 Neutrinos from Supernovae249

7.1 Stellar Core Collapses and Supernova Neutrinos249

7.1.1 Degenerate Stars250

7.1.2 Core-collapse Supernovae252

7.1.3 Supernova Neutrinos254

7.2 Lessons from the Supernova 1987A256

7.2.1 Discoveries of the Neutrino Burst257

7.2.2 Constraints on Neutrino Properties259

7.2.3 The Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background260

7.2.4 Future Supernova Neutrino Experiments262

7.3 Matter Effects on Supernova Neutrinos263

7.3.1 Neutrino Fluxes and Energy Spectra265

7.3.2 Matter Efiects in the Supernova265

7.3.3 Matter Effects in the Earth269

7.4 Collective Neutrino Flavor Conversions272

7.4.1 Equations of Motion272

7.4.2 Synchronized Neutrino Oscillations275

7.4.3 Bipolar Flavor Conversions277

7.4.4 Neutrino Spectral Splits280

7.4.5 Effects of Three Neutrino Flavors283

References285

8 Ultrahigh-energy Cosmic Neutrinos289

8.1 Possible Sources of UHE Cosmic Neutrinos289

8.1.1 The GZK Cutoff and UHE Neutrinos290

8.1.2 Astrophysical Sources of UHE Neutrinos292

8.1.3 Top-down Models and UHE Neutrinos297

8.2 Detection of UHE Cosmic Neutrinos298

8.2.1 A km3-scale UHE Neutrino Telescope299

8.2.2 Identification of UHE Neutrino Flavors300

8.2.3 Other Ways to Detect UHE Neutrinos303

8.3 Flavor Distribution of UHE Cosmic Neutrinos305

8.3.1 Flavor Issues of UHE Neutrinos305

8.3.2 Flavor Efiects in New Physics Scenarios309

8.4 Neutrinos and Multi-messenger Astronomy313

8.4.1 Cosmic Neutrinos and Z-bursts313

8.4.2 Cosmic Neutrinos and Gamma Rays315

8.4.3 Neutrinos and Gravitational Waves318

References319

9 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and Relic Neutrinos323

9.1 Neutrinos in the Early Universe323

9.1.1 Hubble's Law and the Friedmann Equations324

9.1.2 The Energy Density of the Universe325

9.1.3 The Age and Radius of the Universe327

9.1.4 Radiation in the Early Universe329

9.1.5 Neutrino Decoupling332

9.2 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis335

9.2.1 The Neutron-to-proton Ratio336

9.2.2 Synthesis of the Light Nuclei337

9.2.3 The Baryon Density and Neutrino Species340

9.3 Possible Ways to Detect Relic Neutrinos342

9.3.1 Cosmic Neutrino Background342

9.3.2 Direct Detection of Relic Neutrinos343

References347

10 Neutrinos and Cosmological Structures349

10.1 The Cosmic Microwave Background349

10.1.1 Matter-radiation Equality349

10.1.2 Formation of the CMB351

10.1.3 Anisotropies of the CMB353

10.1.4 Neutrino Species and Masses357

10.2 Large-scale Structures and Dark Matter359

10.2.1 Inflation and Density Fluctuations360

10.2.2 LSS and Dark Matter363

10.2.3 Constraints on Neutrino Masses365

10.2.4 Sterile Neutrinos as Dark Matter369

References372

11 Cosmological Matter-antimatter Asymmetry375

11.1 Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe375

11.1.1 Constraints from Antimatter Searches376

11.1.2 Observations from the CMB and BBN378

11.2 Typical Mechanisms of Baryogenesis379

11.2.1 Sakharov Conditions379

11.2.2 Electroweak Baryogenesis380

11.2.3 GUT Baryogenesis386

11.2.4 The Affleck-Dine Mechanism387

11.2.5 Leptogenesis389

11.3 Baryogenesis via Leptogenesis390

11.3.1 Thermal or Non-thermal Production390

11.3.2 CP-violating Asymmetries392

11.3.3 Boltzmann Equations398

11.3.4 Baryon Number Asymmetry405

11.4 Recent Developments in Leptogenesis408

11.4.1 Triplet Leptogenesis408

11.4.2 Resonant Leptogenesis412

11.4.3 Soft Leptogenesis413

11.4.4 Flavor Effects415

References417

Index421