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TABLE OF CONTENTS1

Chapter Ⅰ．Prerequisites for Translation1

Section Ⅰ．Importance of Translation2

Section Ⅱ．Striving to be Both Red Expert3

＊Be Dedicated to Work Good at Learning3

＊Language Proficiency:A Prerequisite4

＊Exposure to a Variety of Linguistic Experiences4

＊Vital Importance of General Knowledge5

＊Basic Training in 3 Essential Aspects8

＊On Daching Oil-Workers Experience10

Section Ⅰ．The Correct Approach to Translation10

Chapter Ⅱ．Dialectical-Materialism in Translation10

＊On Yen Fu s 3-Character Guide11

＊Errors Resulting from a Liberal or a Mechan-ical Approach15

Section Ⅱ．Unity of Content Form17

＊Translation:A Very Complex Process17

＊Accurate Comprehension:Foremost Concern Adequate Representation:Crucial,too18

＊Views of Western Experts20

＊Our Point of View21

Chapter Ⅲ．Set Our Mind to the Task22

The Gapcan be Closed22

＊A Chinese word can be used in many different senses23

SectionⅠAnalysis Handling of Some Familiar Words23

＊An English word can be used in many different senses27

＊Unity of Accurate Comprehension and Adequate Representation29

Section Ⅱ．Analysis Handling of Proper Nouns Articles30

＊3 Rules on Translation of Proper Names30

＊Cases Wherein the Article is Omitted in E-C Translation34

＊Cases Wherein the Article Has to Be Translated35

Section Ⅲ． Analysis Handling of Some Idioms38

＊Examples Showing the Rendition of Some Chinese Idioms38

＊Differentiation of the Commendatory Term from the Derogatory41

＊An Earnest Warning42

＊Analysis Handling of Some English Idioms43

＊Translation of Colloquial Expressions47

＊Absorption of New Expressions49

Chapter Ⅳ．An Analysis of Translation Techniques53

＊We Beg to Differ from Two Groups of People53

＊What is a Good Piece of Translation?53

＊Translation Techniques do Play a Helpful Role54

＊List of 8 Basic Translation Techniques55

＊50-odd Sentences Showing the Usefulness of Translation Techniques55

Section Ⅰ． Analysis of“Subordination”（“分清主从”）59

＊5 different Cases in which Subordination is called for59

＊Drill on Subordination65

＊In Dealing with Important Expressions66

Section Ⅱ． Analysis of“Diction”（“选词用字”）66

＊In Dealing with Idiomatic Chinese Expressions74

＊In Dealing with StructuralWords78

＊Wording or Rewording of a Text82

＊Drillon Diction82

Section Ⅲ．Analysis of“Amplification”（“增益”）83

＊By Supplying Necessary Words to convey85

Real Meaning(of the Original)85

＊By Supplying Pronouns,etc88

＊By Supplying Necessary Connectives89

＊By Supplying the Required Article in C-E90

＊Drill on Amplification91

Section Ⅳ．Analysis of“Omission”（“省略法”）in C-E92

＊Omission of the recurring Object92

＊Omission of the recurring Verb ,or Replacement of it by an Auxiliary v93

＊Omission for Better Economy in Words94

＊ Repetition as a Stylistic Device Can-not be Dispensed with95

＊Drill on Omission96

Section Ⅴ．Analysis of“Conversion”（“转换”）97

＊Vv.Converted into nn.(in C-E)98

＊Adjj.or Advv.Converted into nn.(in C-E)101

in C-E102

＊Adverbials Converted into Adj.Clauses102

＊The Active Converted into the Passive103

＊The Wide Use of the Passive in English104

＊Drillon Conversion105

Section Ⅵ．Analysis of“Inversion”（“词序调整”）in C-E107

＊Natural Order in Address,Designation,etc.(in English)107

＊Natural Order of Adverbials(in C-E)108

＊Negative Inversion109

＊Order Inverted to Avoid Anti-Climax110

＊Order Inverted to Ensure Clarity112

＊Wrong Word Order Creates Confusion112

＊Drill on Inversion114

Section Ⅶ．Analysis of“Negation”（“正说反译，反说正译”）115

＊ Peculiarities in Negation115

＊The Affirmative vs.the Negative116

＊The Use of English Words with Negative Implication119

＊The Use of Double Negative for Emphasis124

＊Drill on Negation125

Section Ⅷ．Analysis of“Division”（“长句拆译”）in C-E126

＊5 Cases Wherein“Division”（in C-E）is usu.necessary and desirable127

＊Drill on Division132

Section Ⅸ．Question of“Translatability or Untranslatability134

Section Ⅰ．C-E Translation Techniques Appli-cable to E-C140

Chapter Ⅴ．Applicability of C-E Translation Tech-140

niques to E-C140

＊ Omission in C-Evs. Amplification in E-C141

1． Subordination in E-C143

＊ Subordination not to be Employed in Isolation145

2． Diction inE-C146

＊Be Mindful of Collocation in Chinese146

＊Absorption of New English Expressions148

＊Vital Importance of TERMINOLOGY149

3． Amplification in E-C152

＊5 Cases in which Amplification is usu.called for152

4． Omission in E-C156

＊6 Cases in which Omission is usu.called for157

5． Conversion in E-C160

＊Nouns in Eng.Converted into Verbs in Chinese161

＊Adjj.,Prepp.,or Prepositional Phrases usu.Converted into Vv.in Chinese161

＊The Passive Converted into the Active163

6． Inversion in E-C163

＊SubordinateClauses usu.Placed Before the Principal Clause164

＊Cases involving an Adverbial which in effect means a clause164

＊Cases involving a that- Clause which165

is too long165

7． Negation in E-C167

＊Grasp the Real Meaning from the Context168

＊ Implied Double Negative169

8． Division in E-C171

＊A Careful Analysis from 3 different angles173

＊A few Rules to go by173

＊Drill on E-C Translation Techniques180

＊Drill on Over-Worked Expressions183

Section Ⅱ Analysis Handling of News-Items from Western Press185

＊Features of Western Press Reports185

＊A typical content-packed sentence187

＊Usefuluess of reading Western newspapers and periodicals189

＊There are Better types of Newspaper English189

＊On Sources quoted by Western reporters190

＊Component Parts of a News-Item192

＊The Label lead;the Summary lead;the Main Fact lead;the Combined lead193

＊On Translation of News-Items from Western press195

＊Drills on Translation ofWestern News-Items198

Section Ⅲ．Methods of Analysis in the Handl-ing of Difficult Sentences in E-C200

＊Accurate Comprehension:the Basis200

＊The Useful Stepsto Takein E-C: A 3-fold Analysis201

＊Analysis of 3 difficult Paragraphs202

＊Analysis of an Article to be translated207

＊Language Phenomena— Organically connected with,dependent on and determined by,each other ,too214

Chapter Ⅵ．Genuine Knowledge Comes from Practice215

Section Ⅰ．Analysis of E-C Passage Trans-lation 30 E-C Exx215

＊Translation of a piece of Prose216

＊Translation of Press Commentaries219

＊Translation of Very Formal English(in Documents)226

＊Translation of texts on Legal Matters239

＊Scientific Register244

＊Translation of texts on Scientific Technological Matters245

＊On Translation of Classical English258

＊ Of Studies by F.Bacon259

＊A Chinese version in classical style261

＊3 Points for Reference262

＊E-C Translation:A Brief Summary263

＊30 E-C Exx.for Independent Work264

Section Ⅱ． Analysis of C-E Passage Translation 30 C-E Exx322

＊ Foreigners are Not Chinese.322

＊ Discourse Analysis ,Essential323

＊ Form be appropriate to the Occasion325

＊2 different versions to suit a formal an informal occasion respectively325

＊Examples of Application of translation techniques to passage-translation328

＊Analysis of an Article in C-E331

＊Translation of texts on Political and Economic Matters respectively336

＊More on a Translator s Continuing Process of Learning345

＊On Translation of Classical Chinese348

＊Comprehension:One Cannot be Too Careful349

＊Representation:A Multi-Dimensional Affair353

＊Summary of C-E Passage Translation362

＊30 C-E Exx.for Independent Work364

Chapter Ⅶ．KEY to Drills Exercises409

＊List of KEY to Translation Exx409

(Ⅰ) KEY to the 25 Drills on Sentence Trans-lation412

(Ⅱ)KEY to 30 E-C Translation Exx439

(Ⅲ)KEY to 30 C-E Translation Exx485

＊A BRIEF SUMMARY547

Appendix 1:Table on E-C Transliteration552

Appendix 2:Models for Notices,Invitations,Letters,Diplomatic Notes,etc554

＊Practical Writing554

＊On the Form of Diplomatic Notes572

＊Samples of Personal Note574

＊Samples of Note Verbale577

＊Additional Exx.On Practical Writing582

＊Additional Exx.On Diplomatic Notes584

Appendix 3:Terms Relating to Conferences Documents590

Appendix 4:Romanization of Chinese Names598

of Persons and Places598