地道英语写作教程 上PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Part Ⅰ Basic Elements of English Writing2

Unit One Words2

1.1 Meanings of a word3

1.1.1 Polysemy of words3

1.1.2 Extension of word meaning in different contexts6

1.2 Use words correctly7

1.2.1 The singular and plural forms of a special group of nouns7

1.2.2 Abstract nouns8

1.2.3 Collective nouns9

1.2.4 Idioms9

1.2.5 Synonyms10

1.2.6 Transitional words11

1.3 Use words precisely12

1.3.1 Distinguish among synonyms12

1.3.2 Distinguish between general words and specific words13

1.3.3 Distinguish the words similar in spelling13

1.3.4 Distinguish between formal and informal words14

1.3.5 Distinguish the emotional coloring15

1.4 Use words tersely16

Exercises18

Unit Two Sentence Writing21

2.1 Comparison between Chinese and English sentence writing21

2.1.1 Synthesis vs analysis21

2.1.2 Comparison:subjective awareness vs objective awareness23

2.1.3 Comparison:straightforward vs periphrastic25

2.2 Principles for writing English sentences27

2.2.1 Know the basic sentence patterns of English27

2.2.2 Know the extension of English sentences30

2.2.3 Know the varieties of English sentences33

2.3 Improve qualities of English sentences36

2.3.1 Avoid redundant words36

2.3.2 Avoid cliche37

2.3.3 Construct precisely38

2.3.4 Have coherence38

2.3.5 Have good rhythm and beautiful pronunciation39

2.4 Avoid typical sentence errors40

2.4.1 Sentence fragments40

2.4.2 Choppy sentences42

2.4.3 Stringy sentences43

2.4.4 Disturbing inconsistency44

2.4.5 Incomplete constructions46

Exercises47

Unit Three Punctuations50

3.1 General introduction50

3.1.1 Understanding punctuation50

3.1.2 Functions of punctuation51

3.2 Mistakes frequently made on punctuation53

3.2.1 Mistakes by misunderstanding53

3.2.2 Mistakes on punctuation resulting from grammatical confusion54

3.2.3 Other mistakes56

3.3 Different kinds of punctuation marks57

3.3.1 Comma57

3.3.2 Parenthesis65

3.3.3 Dash66

3.3.4 Colon67

3.3.5 Semicolon68

3.3.6 The ellipsis mark70

Exercises71

Unit Four Paragraph Writing73

4.1 General introduction73

4.1.1 Definition73

4.1.2 Comparison analysis73

4.2 Components of a paragraph76

4.2.1 A topic sentence76

4.2.2 Supporting sentences79

4.2.3 The concluding sentence80

4.3 Paragraph development82

4.3.1 Development by listing83

4.3.2 Development by examples84

4.3.3 Development by definition85

4.3.4 Development by comparison and contrast85

4.3.5 Development by cause and effect87

4.3.6 Development by classification and division88

4.3.7 Development by process analysis90

4.3.8 Combined pattern of development90

4.4 Special paragraphs90

4.4.1 Introductory paragraphs90

4.4.2 Concluding paragraphs92

4.4.3 Transitional paragraphs or emphatic paragraphs93

4.4.4 Paragraphs in a conversation94

4.5 Build effective paragraphs94

4.5.1 Unity95

4.5.2 Coherence95

4.6 Tips to avoid ineffective paragraph writing99

4.6.1 Don't hesitate to show your main point in the first place99

4.6.2 Don't try to achieve coherence without using any transitional means99

4.6.3 Don't use the subjective assumption to develop the paragraph100

Exercises100

Unit Five Figures of Speech103

5.1 General introduction103

5.1.1 The definition of figures of speech103

5.1.2 The value of figures of speech104

5.1.3 The categories of figures of speech105

5.2 Lexical stylistic devices106

5.2.1 Analogy106

5.2.2 Simile106

5.2.3 Metaphor107

5.2.4 Personification108

5.2.5 Euphemism109

5.2.6 Pun110

5.2.7 Irony111

5.2.8 Hyperbole112

5.2.9 Oxymoron113

5.3 Syntactical stylistic devices114

5.3.1 Parallelism114

5.3.2 Climax114

5.3.3 Enumeration115

5.3.4 Antithesis116

5.4 Phonetic stylistic devices116

5.4.1 Alliteratiton116

5.4.2 Assonance117

5.4.3 Consonance118

Exercises118

Part Ⅱ Essay Writing122

Unit Six Narrative Writing122

6.1 General introduction122

6.1.1 Definition122

6.1.2 Modes of narration122

6.1.3 Characteristics of narration125

6.1.4 The basic pattern of narrative writing129

6.2 Constructing Process135

6.2.1 Abstract a theme135

6.2.2 Express the theme137

6.2.3 List an outline138

6.2.4 Select meaningful incidents and appropriate details139

6.2.5 Select appropriate relating structure and order141

6.2.6 Select a suitable perspective141

Exercises142

Unit Seven Descriptive Essay Writing147

7.1 General introduction147

7.1.1 Definition147

7.1.2 Modes of descriptive writing147

7.1.3 Structure of descriptive writing150

7.2 Constructing principles of descriptive essay152

7.2.1 General introduction152

7.2.2 Principles of descriptive essay153

7.2.3 Build words and expressions154

7.3 Graph description156

7.3.1 Main types of graph writing156

7.3.2 Trend description159

Exercises161

Unit Eight Expository Essay Writing163

8.1 General introduction163

8.2 Types of expository writing165

8.2.1 Process writing165

8.2.2 Comparison and contrast writing169

8.2.3 Cause and effect writing176

8.2.4 Definition writing181

8.2.5 Illustration writing185

8.2.6 Division and classification writing190

8.3 Language features in exposition writing193

Exercises194

Unit Nine Argumentative Essay Writing197

9.1 General introduction197

9.1.1 Basic elements of an argumentation197

9.1.2 Basic structure of an argumentative essay201

9.2 Types of argumentation207

9.2.1 Fact-clarifying essay207

9.2.2 Position-taking essay208

9.2.3 Cause-analyzing essay211

9.2.4 Solution-proposing essay212

9.2.5 Film or book review213

9.3 Comparison between Chinese and English argumentative essay and the negative transfers215

9.3.1 Indirectness vs directness215

9.3.2 Subjectivity vs objectivity217

9.3.3 Parataxis vs hypotaxis219

9.4 Useful expressions and sentence patterns220

Exercises223

References225