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The Authors3

List of Abbreviations15

General Introduction17

Chapter 1. An Outline of Hong Kong's Constitutional History17

Chapter 2. The Form of Colonial Government at the Time of the Handover of Hong Kong in 199721

1. THE GOVERNOR21

2. THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL23

3. THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL24

4. THE JUDICIARY26

Chapter 3. The Form of Government under the Basic Law27

1. HONG KONG IN CHINA: 'ONE COUNTRY, Two SYSTEMS'27

2. THIE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHINESE CENTRAL. AUTHORITIES AND HONG KONG27

3. HONG KONG'S SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH28

4. HONG KONG'S SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH29

5. HONG KONG'S SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: THE JUDICIAL BRANCH30

Chapter 4. Hong Kong: Territory (Geographic Data)31

Chapter 5. Population (Demographic Data)32

Selected Bibliography33

Table of Cases37

Table of Statutes47

Part Ⅰ. Sources of Constitutional Law51

Chapter 1. Treaties51

Chapter 2. Constitution (Typification, Procedure for Amending the Constitution)56

1. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TiHE CHINESE CONSTITUTION AND HONG KONG'S BASIC LAW56

2. THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE BASIC LAW57

Chapter 3. Legislation and Other Equivalent Legal Norms60

1. CHINESE NATIONAL LAWS60

2. HONG KONG LEGISLATION62

3. OTHER LEGISLATIVE NORMS64

Chapter 4. Jurisprudence66

Chapter 5. Customary Law, Unwritten Law, and General Principles of Law70

1. INTRODUCTION70

2. THE OPERATION OF CONVENTIONS IN THE CROWN COLONY OF HONG KONG70

3. CONVENTIONS UNDER THE BASIC LAW72

Chapter 6. Subordinate Rules and Regulations75

1. INTRODUCTION75

2. DEFINTTIONS76

3. CONTROL OF SUBORDINATE LEGISLATION78

Ⅰ. Legislative Control of Subsidiary Legislation80

Ⅱ. Judicial Control of Subsidiary Legislation81

4. SCOPE AND EFFECT OF SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION86

Chapter 7. Codification, Interpretation and Hierarchy of Legal Rules88

1. INTRODUCTION88

2. CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORTTY89

3. THE COURTS90

4. JURISDITIONAL CONFLICTS91

Part Ⅱ. Form of Government93

Chapter 1. General93

1. INTRODUCTION93

2. POLITICAL PARTIES, LOBBIES, AND 1NTEREST GROUPS94

3. MISCELLANEOUS (REFERENDUM, POPULAR INITIATIVE)96

Chapter 2. Head of State97

1. THE ORGAN OF STATE (DESIGNATION)97

2. THE SELECTION AND APPOINTMENT OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE97

3. COMPETENCE100

4. PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES, INVIOLABILITY, PERSONAL POWER104

Chapter 3. The Legislature105

1. THE ORGAN OF STATE105

Ⅰ. Role of the Head of State in the Legislative Process105

Ⅱ. Hong Kong's Legislative Council - An Introduction105

Ⅲ. Composition of the Legislative Council106

Ⅳ. Franchise109

Ⅴ. Legislative Powers Concerning Elections110

Ⅵ. Term of Office and Vacancies110

Ⅶ. Qualifications of a Member of the Legislative Council112

Ⅷ. Disputes114

Ⅸ. Procedure115

2. LEGAL STATUS (PowERS, PRIVILEGES, AND IMMUNITIES)117

3. COMPETENCE119

Ⅰ. Legislative Power119

Ⅱ. Foreign Affairs and Defence121

Ⅲ. Public Finance121

Ⅳ. Hong Kong's Financial System122

Ⅴ. Aviation and Shipping123

Ⅵ. Hong Kong's Social, Economic, and Political System123

Ⅶ. Education124

Ⅷ. Miscellaneous Matters124

Ⅸ. Fundamental Rights and Freedoms124

Ⅹ. Constituent Power126

Ⅺ. Procedural Limitations on Legislative Competence126

4. WORKING127

Chapter 4. The Executive128

1. INTRODUCTION128

2. THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE128

3. THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL129

4. EXECUTIVE AUTHORTTIES130

5. COMPETENCE131

6. LEGiSLATiVE CONTROL131

7. JUDICIAL CONTROL132

8. THE ADMINISTRATION AND BUREAUCRACY132

Chapter 5. The Judiciary in Hong Kong135

1. INTRODUCTION135

2. THE COURT OF FINAL. APPEAL.136

Ⅰ. Constitution136

Ⅱ. Jurisdiction of the Court of Final Appeal137

3. THE HIGHI COURT139

Ⅰ. Civil Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal139

Ⅱ. Criminal Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal142

4. THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE144

Ⅰ. Original Civil Jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance144

Ⅱ. Appellate Civil Jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance145

Ⅲ. Original Criminal Jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance145

Ⅳ. Appellate Criminal Jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance146

Ⅴ. Supervisory Jurisdiction of Court of First Instance146

5. THE DISTRICT COURT147

Ⅰ. Original Civil Jurisdiction of the District Court147

Ⅱ. Original Criminal Jurisdiction of the District Court148

6. THE MAGISTRACIES150

7. INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY151

Ⅰ. Appointment and Removal of Judges of the Court of Final Appeal151

Ⅱ. Security of Tenure of Judges of the Court of Final Appeal152

Ⅲ. Appointment and Removal of Judges of the High Court153

Ⅳ. Appointment and Removal of Judges of the District Court and Magistrates154

8. CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION156

9. JUDICIAL REVIEW158

Chapter 6. Independent, Non-Political Agencies in the Legislative or Executive Branch159

1. STATUTORY AND NoN-STATUTORY BODIES RELATED TOGOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS159

2. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS161

Part Ⅲ. The State and Its Subdivisions163

Chapter 1. The Relationship between the Chinese Central Authorities and the HKSAR163

1. INTRODUCTION163

2. LEGISLATIVE RELATIONSHIP167

Ⅰ. Application of the Chinese Constitution in the HKSAR169

Ⅱ. Application of Other National Laws to the HKSAR170

3. EXECUTIVE RELATIONSHIP172

Ⅰ. Foreign Affairs and National Defence172

Ⅱ. Other Matters Over Which the Central Government Exercises Sovereignty175

Ⅲ. Exercise of Emergency Powers in the HKSAR176

Ⅳ. Appointment of Chief Executive and Principal Officials178

4. FINANCIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND THE HKSAR179

5. COOPERATION BETWEEN THE CENTRAI GOVERNMENT AND THE HKSAR, PREVENTION AND SETTLEMENT OF CONFLICTS179

6. JUDICIAL RELATIONSHIP179

Chapter 2. Interpretation of the Basic Law181

1. THE INTERPRETATION AUTHORITY OF THE NPCSC181

Ⅰ. The Plenary Authority of the NPCSC to Interpret the Basic Law182

Ⅱ. The NPCSC's Interpretation Upon Referral183

2. THE DELEGATED AUTHORITY OF THE COURTS IN THE HKSAR183

Ⅰ. The Constitutional Review Authority of the Courts in the HKSAR185

3. RESTRICTIONS UPON INTERPRETATION AND AMENDMENT OF THE BASIC LAW186

Chapter 3. District Administration189

1. THE DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION IN HONG KONG BEFORE 1997190

2. THE DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION IN HONG KONG SINCE 1997190

Part Ⅳ. Citizenship and the Administration of Justice193

Chapter 1. Rules Concerning Nationality and the Relevance of Nationality193

1. NATIONALITY UNDER THE BRITISH ADMINISTRATION193

2. NATIONALITY UNDER THE BASIC LAW194

3. RIGHT OF ABODE195

Ⅰ. The Right of Abode of the 'Returning Residents'196

Ⅱ. The Right of Abode of the Minorities196

Ⅲ. The Right of Abode of Children of Hong Kong Residents,but Born in China197

Chapter 2. Fundamental Rights and Liberties201

1. GENERAL201

Ⅰ. Common Law as a Source of Human Rights201

Ⅱ. Legislation as a Source of Human Rights202

Ⅲ. Hong Kong Bill of Rights as a Source of Human Rights203

Ⅳ. The Basic Law as a Source of Human Rights206

Ⅴ. International Human Rights Conventions as a Source of Human Rights209

2. INTERPRETATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS210

3. A SELECT SURVEY OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN HONG KONG212

Ⅰ. The Right to Life212

Ⅱ. The Right to not be Subjected to Torture, Cruel, Inhuman,or Degrading Treatment or Punishment212

Ⅲ. The Right to Liberty and Security of the Person213

Ⅳ. The Right to be Presumed Innocent215

Ⅴ. The Rights of Defendants in Criminal Trial218

Ⅵ. The Right to Private Property221

Ⅶ. The Right to Privacy222

Ⅷ. Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion223

Ⅸ. Freedom of Expression224

Ⅹ. Freedom of Assembly227

Ⅺ. Freedom of Association228

Ⅻ. The Right to Participate in Public Life229

ⅩⅢ. The Right to Equality Before the Law230

ⅩⅠⅤ. The Right to Social Security231

4. LIMITATIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS232

Chapter 3. Constitutional Problems of Minorities (Protection of Minorities and Group Rights)233

1. RELIGIOUS FREEDOM233

2. FAMILY LAW234

3. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION235

4. NATIONALITY LAW235

Chapter 4. Judicial Control of Administrative Action236

1. INTRODUCTION236

2. MEANING OF ADMINISTRATION240

Ⅰ. The Government as Administration240

Ⅱ. Public Bodies as Administration242

3. WHAT IS ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION?244

4. THE GROUNDS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW248

Ⅰ. Acting Without or in Excess of Jurisdiction248

Ⅱ. Jurisdictional Error250

Ⅲ. Failure to Exercise Discretionary Powers252

Ⅳ. Bad Faith253

Ⅴ. Use of Discretionary Powcrs for Improper Purpose253

Ⅵ. Taking Irrelevant Considerations into Account254

Ⅶ. Relevant Considerations Should be Taken into Account in Making Administrative Actions255

Ⅷ. Uncertainty256

Ⅸ. Error of Law on the Face of the Record256

Ⅹ. No Evidence257

Ⅺ. Irrationality257

Ⅻ. Proportionality259

ⅩⅢ. Procedural Impropriety259

ⅩⅠⅤ. Rules of Natural Justice260

5. PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW269

6. STANDING271

Chapter 5. Legal Position of Aliens273

Part Ⅴ. Special Problems275

Chapter 1. War, Treaty and Foreign Affairs Powers275

1. GENERAL275

Ⅰ. Foreign Affairs275

Ⅱ. Defence Powers277

Chapter 2. The Taxing and Spending Powers278

1. GENERAL.278

2. THE 'FISCAL FIREWALL'280

3. THE 'BALANCED BUDGET' REQUIREMENT282

4. THE CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS OF THE Low TAX POLICY284

Chapter 3. Emergency Laws (Legislation Under Emergency Powers for War or Under Other Extraordinary Circumstances)287

1. GENERAL287

Chapter 4. The Constitutional Relationship between Church and State290

Index293