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1. NATURE OF JURISPRUDENCE1

What is Jurisprudence?1

The Relevance of Jurisprudence2

Acquiring Social Knowledge6

Normative Character of Law11

"Ought" and "Is"12

Form (or Structure) and Content13

Philosophy of Law?13

The Need for a Comprehensive Jurisprudence14

EXTRACTS15

The Uses of the Study of Jurisprudence&J. Austin15

Some Jobs for Jurisprudence&W.L. Twining17

Legalism&J. Shklar20

A Treatise of Human Nature&D. Hume24

The Poverty of Historic ism&K. Popper24

The Structure of Scientific Revolution&T.S. Kuhn27

2. MEANING OF LAW33

The Nature of Definitions33

"Naming a Thing"33

"Essentialism"34

Analysis of Words or Fact36

Are Definitions Unnecessary?36

Ideological Factors37

Criterion of Validity38

Law and Regularity40

Law and Morals41

Morals as Part of Law43

Law and Value Judgements44

EXTRACTS45

The Case of the Speluncean Explorers&L.L. Fuller45

International Law and the Controversy Concerning the Word "Law"&G. Williams58

Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence&H.L.A. Hart59

The Nature of Law&R. Wollheim61

The Problem about the Nature of Law&J. Raz63

Choosing a Legal Theory on Moral Grounds&P. Soper74

Evaluation and the Description of Law&J. Finnis81

Ethics in the Public Domain&J. Raz82

3. NATURAL LAW83

What is Natural Law?84

The Attractions of Natural Law90

Greek Origins97

Jus Gentium98

Medieval Period99

Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation102

Grotius and International Law105

Natural Law and the Social Contract105

Kant and Human Freedom113

The Enlightenment114

Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries117

Fuller and the Morality of Law118

Hart on Natural Law123

Finnis and the Restatement of Natural Law126

Murphy and Natural Law134

Conclusion136

EXTRACTS137

Nicomachean Ethics&Aristotle137

De Re Publica&Cicero137

Institutes&Justinian138

Summa Theologica&Aquinas138

Leviathan&T. Hobbes143

Two Treatises of Government&Locke145

The Social Contract&J.J. Rousseau147

Man and the State&J. Maritain150

Natural Rights&M. MacDonald152

The Morality of Law&L.L. Fuller154

Natural Law and Natural Rights&J.M. Finnis168

The First Moral Principle&J. Finnis, J. Boyle, G. Grisez188

Natural Law Jurisprudence&M.C. Murphy192

Natural Law in Jurisprudence and Politics&M.C. Murphy208

Some Anthropological Considerations Concerning Natural Law&Margaret Mead225

How Persuasive is Natural Law Theory?&K. Greenwalt228

4. BENTHAM, AUSTIN AND CLASSICAL ENGLISH POSITIVISM247

Sovereignty and its Origins247

Bentham and the Utilitarians248

Bentham's "Of Laws in General"251

Austin255

Conclusion268

EXTRACTS269

A Fragment on Government&J. Bentham269

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation&J. Bentham270

Of Laws in General&J. Bentham273

The Province of Jurisprudence Determined&J. Austin291

5. THE PURE THEORY OF LAW305

Normativism306

The Pure Science of Law307

Norms and the Basic Norm308

Hierarchy of Norms and Law-making Process310

Sanctions311

Critique314

The Basic Norm314

International Law320

The Rule of Recognition: A Comparison321

International Law and Sanctions323

Law and Fact324

Non-legal Norms325

Conclusion326

EXTRACTS326

The Pure Theory of Law&H. Kelsen326

General Theory of Law and State&H. Kelsen332

Professor Stone and the Pure Theory of Law&H. Kelsen339

The Pure Theory of Law&H. Kelsen341

The Function of a Constitution&H. Kelsen352

The Purity of the Pure Theory&J. Raz357

6. MODERN TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL JURISPRUDENCE371

Hart's Concept of Law375

An Outline of Hart's Jurisprudence376

The "Internal Aspect" of Law379

The Rule of Recognition382

Is Law A System of Rules?386

Raz and Reasons for Action391

Rights393

The Nature of Rights394

Hohfeld's Analysis of Rights396

Human Rights399

The Obligation to Obey the Law405

The Legal Enforcement of Morality409

EXTRACTS414

Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals&H.L A. Hart414

Positivism and Fidelity to Law—a Reply to Professor Hart&L.L. Fuller417

Statutory Lawlessness and Supra-Statutory Law&G. Radbruch421

A Defence of Radbruch's Formula&R. Alexy426

Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence&H.L.A. Hart444

Contemporary Legal Philosophy: The Rediscovery of Practical Reason&N. MacCormick449

Practical Reason and Norms&J. Raz461

Authority, Law and Morality&J. Raz465

Law and Obligation&S. Perry482

Beyond The Separability Thesis: Moral Semantics and the Mythology of Jurisprudence&J.L. Coleman490

Inclusive Legal Positivism&J. Coleman498

Hart's Methodological Positivism&S. Perry510

How Moral Principles Can Enter the Law&M. Kramer539

A Very British Revolution?&Sir Neil MacCormick556

Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning&W.N. Hohfeld569

The Duty To Obey The Law&W. Edmundson574

7. THEORIES OF JUSTICE583

Introduction583

Rawls and Distributive Justice583

Nozick: Justice as Entitlement595

Capabilities and the Frontiers of Justice600

Justice as Rights603

Feminism as Justice612

Economic Theories of Law and Justice620

Global Justice627

Corrective Justice629

EXTRACTS632

A Theory of Justice&J. Rawls632

Political Liberalism&J. Rawls643

The Law of Peoples&J. Rawls650

Anarchy, State and Utopia&R. Nozick656

A Trump over Utility&R. Dworkin659

What is Equality? Part 2: Equality of Resources&R. Dworkin668

Defining Injustice as Domination and Oppression&I.M. Young680

Justice as Fairness: For Whom?&S.M. Okin695

The Ethical and Political Basis of Wealth Maximization&R. Posner705

8. DWORKIN AND INTERPRETIVISM717

The Critic of Positivism717

Dworkin and "Hard Cases"719

Dworkin and Discretion720

Dworkin and Interpretation721

Law as Integrity724

One Right Answer?727

Integrity and Legitimacy729

Right Answers and Wrong Answers732

EXTRACTS734

Taking Rights Seriously&R. Dworkin734

Law as Interpretation&R. Dworkin745

Law's Empire&R. Dworkin752

Justice In Robes&R. Dworkin772

Integrity: Justice in Workclothes&G. Postema786

Integrity and Stare Decisis&S. Hershovitz810

The Rule of Law as a Theatre of Debate&J. Waldron815

The Arguments Against Legal Principles&L. Alexander and K. Kress821

9. SOCIOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND THE SOCIOLOGY OF LAW835

Introduction835

Comte and Sociology836

Laissez Faire and Herbert Spencer837

Jhering (1818-1892)838

Max Weber (1864-1920)839

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)843

Eugen Ehrlich (1862-1922)847

Roscoe Pound (1870-1964)849

Sociological Jurisprudence since Pound854

Talcott Parsons856

Selznick857

Towards a Sociology of Law858

Unger and the Development of Modern Law865

Habermas and the Centrality of Law868

Critical Empiricism872

Bourdieu and Habitus875

Autopoiesis and Law877

EXTRACTS880

Law as Means to an End&R. Von Jhering880

Economy and Society&M. Weber881

The Division of Labour in Society&E. Durkheim890

Principles of the Sociology of Law&E. Ehrlich894

Philosophy of Law&R. Pound897

Outlines of Jurisprudence&R. Pound900

Contemporary Juristic Theory&R. Pound900

The Sociology of Law&P. Selznick904

Dichotomy and Contradiction in the Sociology of Law&A. Hunt909

The Significance of a Concept of Law Not Restricted to State Law&R. Cotterrell916

Why Must Legal Ideas be Interpreted Sociologically?&R. Cotterrell919

Blinding Insights? The Limits of a Reflexive Sociology of Law&D. Nelken929

Back to the Future: The Short Happy Life of the Law and Society Movement&D.M. Trubek936

Critical Traditions in Law and Society Research&S. Silbey ＆ A. Sarat944

Operational Closure and Structural Coupling: The Differentiation of the Legal System&N. Luhmann949

Law and Social Theory&R. Cotterrell957

Between Facts and Norms: An Author's Reflections&J. Habermas969

On Pierre Bourdieu's Legal Thought&M.G. Villegas973

10. AMERICAN REALISM985

The "Revolt against Formalism"985

Mr Justice Holmes986

The American Legal System988

The "Realist" Movement in Law988

Fact-skeptics and Rule-skeptics989

Llewellyn on Institutions and "LawJobs"990

The Common Law Tradition992

Scientific and Normative Laws996

Realism: An Assessment997

Post Realism1000

Jurimetrics1000

Judicial Behaviouralism1001

Pragmatism in Law1004

Legal Process1005

EXTRACTS107

The Path of the Law&O.W. Holmes1007

Law and the Modern Mind&J. Frank1008

Some Realism About Realism&K. Llewellyn1011

My Philosophy of Law&K. Llewellyn1015

The Common Law Tradition&K. Llewellyn1021

The Significance of Realism&W. Twining1029

11. THE SCANDINAVIAN REALISTS1035

Axel Hagerstrom (1868-1939)1036

Law as Fact1038

Ross's Theory of Law1040

The "Verinability" Principle1043

Origin of Law1045

"Reductionism" and Legal Concepts1046

Features of Law1047

Law and Morals1048

Legal Ideology—the Method of Justice v. Social Welfare1049

EXTRACTS1052

Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals&Axel Hagerstrom1052

Law as Fact&K. Olivecrona1057

On Law and Justice&A. Ross1065

Directives and Norms&A. Ross1068

Tutu&A. Ross1074

12. WISTORICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE1077

The Romantic Reaction1077

Herder and Hegel1077

The German Historical School1079

F.K. von Savigny (1779-1861)1079

The Volksgeist—Some Problems1080

Legislation and Juristenrecht1081

Sir Henry Maine (1822-1888)1082

Law and Anthropology1084

Dispute Processes1091

Legal Pluralism1093

EXTRACTS1096

System of Modern Roman Law&F.K. von Savigny1096

Ancient Law&Sir Henry Maine1100

The Law of Primitive Man&E.A. Hoebel1103

Judicial Process among the Barotse&M. Gluckman1109

Human Interaction and the Law&L.L. Fuller1111

The Differing Realms of the Law&P. Bohannan1121

The Rule of Law versus the Order of Custom&S. Diamond1124

13. MARXIST THEORIES OF LAW AND STATE1129

Dialectics, Hegel and Marx1130

Marx and Hegel's Political Philosophy1131

The Materialist Conception of History1132

Base and Superstructure1134

The Question of Class1140

Marx and Ideology1141

The State and Law1145

Marx and Justice, Morality and Human Rights1148

The "Withering Away" of the State1153

Other Marxisms1155

Karl Renner1155

Antonio Gramsci1157

Pashukanis1157

Marxist Theories of Law and State—a Critique1161

EXTRACTS1166

Philosophy of Right&F.Hegel1166

Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right&K. Marx1167

Preface to Contribution to Critique of Political Economy&K. Marx1167

The German Ideology&K. Marx and F. Engels1168

The Housing Question&F. Engels1169

Karl Marx's Theory of History&G.A. Cohen1170

Can the Base he Distinguished from the Superstructure?&S. Lukes1175

The German Ideology&K. Marx and F. Engels1180

Preface to The Critique of Political Economy&K. Marx1180

The German Ideology&K. Marx and F. Engels1181

Whigs and Hunters&E.P.Thompson1181

The Civil War in France&K. Marx1187

Critique of the Gotha Programme&K. Marx1188

Anti-Duhring&F. Engels1189

State and Revolution&V.Lenin1190

The Institutions of Private Law and their Social Functions&K. Renner1191

Law and Marxism&E. Pashukanis1199

14. CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES1209

Critical Legal Studies and Liberalism's Contradictions1210

Rules and Reasoning1215

Critical Legal Studies and Legal Practice1217

Legal Theory and Social Theory1220

Conclusion1224

EXTRACTS1125

Law and Ideology&R.W.Gordon1125

New Developments in Legal Theory&R.W. Gordon1232

Reification in Legal Reasoning&P. Gabel1236

Interpretive Construction in the Substantive Criminal Law&M. Kelman1244

An Essay in the Deconstruction of Contract Doctrine&C. Dalton1256

The Ideological Content of Legal Education&D. Kennedy1267

The Spell of Rationalizing Legal Analysis&R.M. Unger1271

15. FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE1285

Origins1285

The Inquiries of Feminist Jurisprudence1287

Equality and Difference1290

Women and Ideology1292

The Public and the Private1293

Cultural Pluralism and Women's Rights1295

Feminist Legal Methods1297

EXTRACTS1300

The Emergence of Feminist Jurisprudence: An essay&A.C. Scales1300

Feminism and the Limits of Equality&P. A. Cain1312

Jurisprudence and Gender&R. West1320

Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination&C.A. MacKinnon1337

Reconstructing Sexual Equality&C.A. Littleton1347

Feminist Legal Methods&K.T. Bartlett1359

Breaking Women's Silence in Law: The Dilemma of the Gendered Nature of Legal Reasoning&L.M. Finley1377

The Feminist Challenge to Conventional Legal Scholarship&N. Lacey1387

Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?&S. Moller Okin1400

16. POSTMODERNIST JURISPRUDENCE1409

Postmodernism and Modernism1409

The Death of the Subject1410

The "Subject" and the Legal System1411

Lawyers, their Clients and their Scholarship1413

A Political Agenda1414

Postmodern Law: Postmodern State1415

Semiotics and Legal Theory1418

EXTRACTS1421

Answering the Question: What is Postmodern ism?&J.F. Lyotard1421

Postmodern Identity and the Legal Subject&J. Wicke1428

Normativity and the Politics of Form&P. Schlag1440

Understanding Legal Understanding: The Legal Subject and the Problem of Legal Coherence&J.M. Balkin1449

The Postmodern Transition: Law and Politics&B. de Sousa Santos1465

"A Well-Founded Fear of Justice": Law and Ethics in Postmodernity&C. Douzinas and R. Warrington1473

The Normality of the Exception in Democracy's Empire&P. Fitzpatrick and R. Joyce1482

17. CRITICAL RACE THEORY1491

Introduction1491

The Other Movements1493

EXTRACTS1496

Race Consciousness: The Thematic Content of Racial Distinctiveness in Critical Race Scholarship&R. D. Barnes1496

Critical Race Theory: An Annotated Bibliography&R. Delgado and J. Stefancic1499

The Jurisprudence of Reconstruction&A.Harris1500

The Legal Academy and Minority Scholars&M.S. Ball1506

Race, Reform and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Anti-Discrimination Law&K.Crenshaw1509

Celebrating LatCrit Theory: What Do We Do When the Music Stops?&K.R. Johnson1523

LatCrit as Liberation Theory&B. Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol1526

18. THEORIES OF ADJUDICATION1531

The Nature of Legal Sources1531

The Institution of Adjudication1533

Stare Decisis1536

Why Precedent?1543

Judges and Discretion1546

Judge-made Law1547

Judicial Reasoning1550

Statutory Construction1554

Statutory Construction and Democracy1563

EXTRACTS1566

Problems of the Philosophy of Law&H.L.A. Hart1566

Nature of the Judicial Process&B. Cardozo1571

Language and the Law&G. Williams1574

Gods&J. Wisdom1577

Formal Justice and the Form of Legal Arguments&D.N. MacCormick1579

An Introduction to Legal Reasoning&E.H. Levi1582

Social Policy and Judicial Legislation&R. Sartorius1585

Index of Authors1589

Index of Subjects1595