VICTMISATIO AND VICTIMS'RIGHTS LORRAINE WOLHUTERPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

VICTMISATIO AND VICTIMS'RIGHTS LORRAINE WOLHUTERPDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

1 Introduction1

Key developments in victimology, policy and practice1

Overview of the book6

PART ⅠVictimology and victimisation11

2 Theories ofvictimology13

Introduction13

Positivist victimology14

Conservative criminology and the victims of predatory crime17

Radical victimology20

Marxist victimology: Corporate crime and its victims20

Left realist criminology: a synthesis of theories of crime and victimisation21

Feminist concerns with the victims of crime23

Critical victimology26

Criminology or sociology of harm?28

Conclusion30

Questions for further discussion31

3 Victimisation33

Introduction33

The extent of victimisation34

National crime victim surveys34

Local crime surveys38

Victims of corporate crime40

Repeat victimisation43

The impact of victimisation44

Fear of crime46

Secondary victimisation47

Conclusion49

Questions for further discussion50

4 Women victims - domestic terror and female victimisation51

Introduction51

Rape and sexual assault51

The extent of rape and sexual assault51

The impact on victims53

Secondary victimisation55

The rate of attrition55

The court process58

Male rape59

Domestic violence62

The nature and extent of domestic violence62

Domestic violence against men: theoretical paradigm or paradox?63

The impact on victims65

Minority ethnic women67

Secondary victimisation68

Responses of the police and the CPS68

The court process72

Conclusion72

Questions for further discussion73

5 Victims from minority ethnic groups75

Introduction75

Ethnicity, victimisation and social distribution75

Extent of'ordinary' criminal victimisation75

Fear of crime77

Racially motivated crime78

Definition78

Distribution of crime and impact on victims79

Impact on victims82

Victims in rural areas83

Religiously motivated crime84

The perpetrators of hate85

Secondary victimisation87

State victimisation: police stops and searches of minority ethnic persons90

Conclusion99

Questions for further discussion100

LGBT and elderly victims101

Introduction101

6 LGBT victims101

Introduction101

LGBT victims101

Nature, extent and impact of LGBT victimisation102

Secondary victimisation106

Elderly victims107

History of elder victimisation107

Nature and extent of elder victimisation:senescent victimisation108

Victimisation in private109

Victimisation in private institutions111

The hidden nature of elder victimisation in private:under-reporting levels113

Victimisation in public113

Conclusion115

Questions for further discussion116

PART Ⅱ Legal responses to victimisation117

7 The development of a victims' rights discourse119

Introduction119

European jurisprudence on victims' rights120

Council of Europe120

European Court of Human Rights122

Independent civil right to a fair trial122

Incorporation o f victims' rights/interests into defendant's right to fair trial123

Positive obligations125

English law and policy on victims' rights128

The position prior to the Victims' Code129

The Victims' Code130

The role of the courts131

Judicial review131

Human rights jurisprudence concerning victims133

Towards enforceable rights139

Conclusion141

Questions for further discussion142

8 Support and assistance143

Introduction143

Council of Europe instruments143

'Official' agencies144

Victim Support144

Services145

Advocacy146

Community and inter-agency work148

Witness Support149

Witness Service149

Witness Care Units150

'Unofficial' agencies150

Organisations responding to gender-based violence151

Organisations responding to racism and Islamophobia152

Organisations responding to homophobic and transphobic victimisation153

Conclusion154

Questions for further discussion154

9 Information, respect and recognition, and protection155

Introduction155

Council of Europe instruments155

English law and policy157

Pre-trial process157

Police158

Crown Prosecution Service158

Court process159

Witness Care Units160

Court Service160

Measures to reduce secondary victimisation in court161

Release of offenders169

Effectiveness of measures170

Conclusion171

Questions for further discussion172

10 Victim participation173

Introduction173

Forms of participation174

Council of Europe instruments176

Victim participation in the UK177

Decisions to prosecute177

Decisions to accept pleas178

Victim Personal Statements179

VPS scheme179

Opposing views on VPS180

Family Impact Statements and lawyers for families of homicide victims182

Victim participation in the US183

Decisions to prosecute183

Decisions to accept pleas183

Victim participation in sentencing184

Victims' lawyers185

European models of victim participation186

Party and non-party victims187

Victim participation in the pre-trial stage187

Non-party victims' lawyers189

Victim parties189

Auxiliary prosecution189

Adhesion193

Victim participation and defendants' rights195

Conclusion198

Questions for further discussion198

11 Victim compensation199

Introduction199

European provisions199

Criminal injuries compensation201

Origins and development201

Criminal Injuries Compensation Act 1995202

The Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme 1996203

The Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme 2001208

Proposals for reform209

Compensation by the offender210

Compensation orders210

Reparation orders212

Surcharges213

Recovery orders213

Conclusion214

Questions for further discussion214

12 Victims and restorative justice215

Introduction215

Restorative justice paradigm215

International and European provisions218

Restorative justice in England and Wales220

Government policy220

Restorative justice initiatives221

Victim-offender mediation (VOM)221

RJ conferencing222

Family Group Conferences (FGCs)225

Reparation orders226

Referral orders227

Effectiveness of restorative justice for victims228

Conclusion231

Questions for further discussion232

13 Rights of victims from socially disadvantaged groups233

Introduction233

Gender-based victimisation233

Human rights obligations233

Rape235

Police and forensic services235

Crown Prosecution Service236

Court process237

Domestic violence238

Domestic violence as 'real' crime238

Support and assistance to victims240

Minority ethnic victims241

Racially and religiously motivated victimisation242

Human rights obligations242

Racially and religiously motivated offences244

Criminal justice responses246

Police and multi-agency partnerships246

Crown Prosecution Service248

Court process249

Homophobic and transphobic victimisation250

Human rights instruments250

Offences251

Criminal justice responses252

Police and multi-agency responses252

Crown Prosecution Service253

Elder abuse254

Human rights dimensions255

English law and policy256

American law256

Enforcement of state duties258

Anti-discrimination legislation259

Human Rights Act 1998261

Conclusion263

Questions for further discussion264

14 Conclusion - A victims' rights model for the criminal process265

Bibliography270

Index293