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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE LAW1

Note on Comparative Law1

A. MAJOR LEGAL TRADITIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD3

1. Legal Traditions3

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America3

2. Origins and Spread of the Civil Law Tradition6

David S. Clark, The Idea of the Civil Law Tradition6

Note on the Civil Law Tradition in East Asia7

Notes and Questions8

3. The Islamic Legal Tradition11

Note on Shari'a11

Bernard G. Weiss, The Spirit of Islamic Law11

4. The Hindu Legal Tradition14

Werner Menski, Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa14

5. The Variety of African Legal Systems16

Werner Menski, Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa16

Notes and Questions19

6. A Theory of Legal Tradition21

H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable Diversity in Law21

Notes and Questions24

7. Further Reading about the Major Religious and Non-Western Legal Traditions25

Bibliographic Note25

Note27

B. COMPARISON OF THE COMMON LAW AND THE CIVIL LAW27

1. The Comparative Studies of Sir William Blackstone27

Daniel J. Boorstin, The Mysterious Science of the Law27

2. Comparative Study of Law in the United States28

Roscoe Pound, What May We Expect from Comparative Law?28

Notes and Questions30

3. Convergence and Divergence of the Civil Law and the Common Law30

John Henry Merryman, On the Convergence (and Divergence) of the Civil Law and the Common Law30

4. The Western Legal Tradition39

David S. Clark, The Idea of the Civil Law Tradition39

Notes and Questions40

5. Harmonization or Diversity42

Werner Menski, Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa42

Christian Von Bar, 1 The Common European Law of Torts42

David J. Gerber, The Common Core of European Private Law: The Project and Its Books43

Pierre Legrand, European Legal Systems Are Not Converging45

John C. Reitz, Doubts about Convergence: Political Economy as an Impediment to Globalization47

Notes and Questions48

C. ORIGINS AND OBJECTIVES OF COMPARATIVE LAW50

1. Origins50

David S. Clark, Comparative Legal Systems50

2. Objectives and Uses52

Note52

3. Comparative Legal Practice53

H. Patrick Glenn, Comparative Law and Legal Practice: On Removing the Borders53

4. Scientific Explanation in Comparative Law55

John Henry Merryman, Comparative Law and Scientific Explanation55

5. The Comparison of Japanese Law58

Dan Fenno Henderson, The Japanese Law in English: Some Thoughts on Scope and Method58

Notes and Questions60

D. LAW AND DEVELOPMENT63

1. Exporting the Rule of Law63

Bryant G. Garth ＆ Yves Dezalay, Introduction63

2. The Role of Law in Asia65

Tom Ginsburg, Does Law Matter for Economic Development? Evidence from East Asia65

3. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Rule of Law67

Randall Peerenboom, Varieties of Rule of Law67

Notes and Questions68

E. METHODS OF COMPARATIVE LAW72

1. Functionalism72

Konrad Zweigert ＆ Hein Kotz, Introduction to Comparative Law72

Ralf Michaels, The Functional Method of Comparative Law73

2. Legal Transplants74

Alan Watson, Society and Legal Change74

3. Ideal Types76

Note on Weber's Method of Ideal Types76

Jonathan M. Miller, A Typology of Legal Transplants: Using Sociology, Legal History and Argentine Examples to Explain the Transplant Process76

4. Rhetoric and Culture79

Mary Ann Glendon, Abortion and Divorce in Western Law79

5. Law and Economics82

Gerrit De Geest ＆ Roger Van Den Bergh, Introduction82

Florian Faust, Comparative Law and Economic Analysis of Law82

6. Law as Legal Systems84

Note84

Notes and Questions87

F. A FIRST LOOK AT THE CIVIL LAW TRADITION89

1. Roman Tort Law: Delict and Quasi-Delict89

Edith Friedler, Moral Damages in Mexican Law: A Comparative Approach89

2. A Louisiana Case90

Williams v. Employers Liability Assurance Corp90

Notes and Questions98

G. RESEARCH IN FOREIGN AND COMPARATIVE LAW99

Note99

Chapter 2 LITIGATING CASES WITH FOREIGN PARTIES OR FOREIGN LAW ISSUES IN AMERICAN COURTS103

Note on Transnational Litigation103

A. PLEADING OR JUDICIAL NOTICE: APPROACHES TO RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN LAW ISSUES105

Note on the Common Law Fact Approach105

1. The Fact Approach in Practice106

Albert Ehrenzweig, Foreign Rules As Sources of Law106

Wisconsin Statutes: 902.02106

Griffin v. Mark Travel Corp107

Note110

Notes and Questions111

2. Treating Foreign Law As Law111

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure111

Advisory Committee's Note112

California Evidence Code113

New York Civil Practice Law and Rules115

Oregon Revised Statutes116

Notes and Questions116

3. Failure to Plead or Prove Foreign Law118

Bel-ray Co., Inc. v. Chemrite Ltd118

Note on the Use of Lex Fori118

4. Federal Practice119

Rationis Enterprises Inc. of Panama v. Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Co., Ltd119

Strauss v. Credit Lyonnais, S.A.124

Notes and Questions129

B. PROVING FOREIGN LAW: EXPERT WITNESSES AND OTHER SOURCES131

Note131

1. The Use of Experts and Documents131

John G. Sprankling ＆ George R. Lanyi, Pleading and Proof of Foreign Law in American Courts131

Mastercard International Inc. v. Federation Internationale de Football Association133

Notes and Questions140

2. Lesion Corporelle in French Law143

Eastern Airlines, Inc. v. Floyd143

3. Shubun in Japanese Law150

Dan Fenno Henderson, The Japanese Law in English: Some Thoughts on Scope and Method150

Notes and Questions152

4. The Court Appointed Expert or Special Master154

Federal Rules of Evidence154

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure155

John Henry Merryman, Foreign Law as a Problem157

United States v. One Lucite Ball Containing Lunar Material158

Notes and Questions165

5. Resolution on Appeal166

Note166

John G. Sprankling ＆ George R. Lanyi, Pleading and Proof of Foreign Law in American Courts167

Universe Sales Co., Ltd. v. Silver Castle, Ltd167

Notes and Questions171

Chapter 3 ROMAN LAW IN THE CIVIL LAW TRADITION173

Note173

A. THE ROMAN CIVIL LAW, CANON LAW, AND COMMERCIAL LAW SUBTRADITIONS174

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America174

Notes and Questions180

B. THE ROMAN CIVIL LAW LEGACY181

Note on Dates in Roman Legal History181

1. Constitutional History183

Barry Nicholas, An Introduction to Roman Law183

Note on Administration during the Principate189

Peter Stein, Roman Law in European History190

Notes and Questions191

2. Sources of Law: Substance and Procedure193

The Institutes ofGaius193

I The Digest of Justinian194

Barry Nicholas, An Introduction to Roman Law195

Notes and Questions203

3. Familia and Patria Potestas207

Samuel P. Scott, I The Civil Law207

Karl J. Holkeskamp, Under Roman Roofs: Family, House, and Household208

Alan Watson, Roman Law ＆ Comparative Law213

Alan Watson, The Spirit of Roman Law214

Notes and Questions215

4. Property216

Alan Watson, The Spirit of Roman Law216

Notes and Questions218

5. Civil Litigation219

Caecina v. Aebutius219

Bruce W. Frier, Autonomy of Law and the Origins of the Legal Profession219

Ernest Metzger, Litigation in Roman Law221

Andrew Borkowski ＆ Paul Du Plessis, Textbook on Roman Law223

Notes and Questions227

6. Justinian and the Corpus Juris Civilis228

George Mousourakis, A Legal History of Rome228

Barry Nicholas, An Introduction to Roman Law230

Charles Donahue, Jr., Book Review, On Translating the Digest232

Notes and Questions232

7. Patria Potestas Revisited I233

Justinian's Institutes233

Samuel P. Scott, 14 The Civil Law236

1 The Digest of Justinian237

Notes and Questions239

8. Torts and Lex Aquilia240

1 The Digest of Justinian240

Bruce W. Frier, A Casebook on the Roman Law of Delict241

Bruce W. Frier ＆ Thomas A.J. Mcginn, A Casebook on Roman Family Law242

Notes and Questions243

9. Contracts244

Reinhard Zimmermann, The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition244

David Johnston, Roman Law in Context247

Notes and Questions248

10. Inheritance Law and the Legitima Portio249

Justinian's Institutes249

1 The Digest of Justinian250

David Johnston, Roman Law in Context251

Notes and Questions252

11. Criminal Law and Procedure253

Richard A. Bauman, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome253

O.F. Robinson, Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome255

Notes and Questions256

C. LAW AND GOVERNMENT IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE257

Note on Dates in European Medieval Legal History257

Note on Early West European Law258

1. The Decay of Roman Law261

Paul Vinogradoff, Roman Law in Medieval Europe261

2. Law in the Early West European Kingdoms264

Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition264

3. The Germanic Roman Empire and the Roman Church269

David S. Clark, The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State269

Notes and Questions272

D. REVIVAL OF ROMAN LAW275

Note on Dates for Revival of Roman Law275

1. The Role of the University275

David S. Clark, The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State275

2. Legal Humanism285

Mauro Cappelletti, John Henry Merryman ＆ Joseph M. Perillo, The Italian Legal System: An Introduction285

Notes and Questions287

Chapter 4 CANON LAW, COMMERCIAL LAW, AND THE RECEPTION OF THE JUS COMMUNE IN EUROPE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION291

Note291

A. Canon Law291

Note on Dates for Canon Law291

1. The Church, Universities, and Canon Law293

David S. Clark, The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State293

2. Gratian's Decretum296

Gratian, The Treatise on Laws (Decretum DD. 1-20) with the Ordinary Gloss296

3. Jurisdiction over Persons and over Subject Matter298

Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition298

Notes and Questions307

4. Papal Government310

Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition310

Note on the Longevity of the Roman Catholic Church311

5. Codex luris Canonici312

Code of Canon Law: Latin-English Edition312

6. A Canon Law Case315

M v. E315

Notes and Questions317

7. Natural Law318

Alf Ross, On Law and Justice318

Edgar Bodenheimer, Jurisprudence: The Philosophy and Method of the Law320

Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany323

Notes and Questions324

B. COMMERCIAL LAW324

Note on Dates for Commercial Law324

1. The Law Merchant326

Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition326

Amalia D. Kessler, A Revolution in Commerce: The Parisian Merchant Court and the Rise of Commercial Society in Eighteenth-Century France331

Note on the Distinctiveness of Commercial Law333

2. Partnerships and Contracts334

O.F. Robinson, T.D. Fergus ＆ W.M. Gordon, European Legal History: Sources and Institutions334

Notes and Questions336

C. RECEPTION OF THE JUS COMMUNE IN EUROPE337

Note on Italy and the Jus Commune337

1. Demand for Academic Lawyers338

David S. Clark, The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State338

2. A Jus Commune Case341

Fabronis v. Marradi Ball Players341

Gino Gorla, A Decision of the Rota Fiorentina of 1780 on Liability for Damages Caused by the Ball Game 341

Notes and Questions346

3. Processes of Reception347

R.C. Van Caenegem, An Historical Introduction to Private Law347

John P. Dawson, Gifts and Promises: Continental and American Laws Compared351

George Mousourakis, The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law352

Notes and Questions353

4. Reception in Iberia354

John O. Haley, Foundations of Governance and Law: An Essay on Law's Evolution in Colonial Spanish America354

Mauro Cappelletti, John Henry Merryman ＆ Joseph M. Perillo, The Italian Legal System: An Introduction358

5. Patria Potestas Revisited II359

Samuel P. Scott, Las Siete Partidas359

Notes and Questions362

6. Resistance to Roman Law in England364

R.C. Van Caenegem, Judges, Legislators and Professors: Chapters in European Legal History364

Notes and Questions366

Note on Complexity within the Civil Law Tradition367

Chapter 5 THE LEGAL TRADITIONS OF LATIN AMERICA369

Note369

A. LAW IN PRECOLONIAL LATIN AMERICA369

Note on the Original American Inhabitants369

1. The Incas and Their Legal System371

Note on the Inca Legal System371

John O. Haley, Rivers, Revenue and Rice: Law's Political Evolutions374

Sally F. Moore, Power and Property in Inca Peru375

2. The Aztecs and Their Legal System382

Stephen Zamora et al., Mexican Law382

M.C. Mirow, Latin American Law: A History of Private Law and Institutions in Spanish America383

Note on the Aztec Legal System386

3. Legal Pluralism and Indigenous Law390

Note on Legal Pluralism390

Notes and Questions391

B. THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA394

1. Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs394

Michael D. Coe ＆ Rex Koontz, Mexico from the Olmecs to the Aztecs394

2. Spanish Conquest of the Incas395

Edward P. Lanning, Peru before the Incas395

Note on Conquest in the Americas396

3. European Settlement and Control397

John O. Haley, Rivers, Revenue and Rice: Law's Political Evolutions397

Note on the Spanish Legal System in America402

Note on Portuguese Settlement and the Legal System in Brazil405

Notes and Questions408

4. The Importance of Courts412

David S. Clark, Judicial Protection of the Constitution in Latin America412

5. The Judiciary in Brazil415

Stuart B. Schwartz, Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil: The High Court of Bahia and Its Judges 1609-1751415

6. Women and Family Law in Spain and Colonial America417

Kimberly Gauderman, Women's Lives in Colonial Quito: Gender, Law, and Economy in Spanish America417

Notes and Questions420

7. Church and State and Their Indian Policy421

Lauren Benton, Making Order out of Trouble: Jurisdictional Politics in the Spanish Colonial Borderlands421

8. Colonial Indian Legal Culture423

Susan Kellogg, Law and the Transformation of Aztec Culture, 1500-1700423

9. Litigious Indians in Peru426

Steve Stern, The Social Significance of Judicial Institutions in an Exploitative Society: Huamanga, Peru, 1570-1640426

Notes and Questions427

10. Indigenous Rulers428

Robert Haskett, Indigenous Rulers: An Ethnohistory of Town Government in Colonial Cuernavaca428

11. Indian Cases in Church and Royal Courts431

Woodrow Borah, Justice by Insurance: The General Indian Court of Colonial Mexico and the Legal Aides of the Half-Real431

Texcocan Villages v. Hacienda La Blanca435

P.E.B. Coy, Justice for the Indian in Eighteenth Century Mexico435

12. The General Indian Court437

Woodrow Borah, Justice by Insurance: The General Indian Court of Colonial Mexico and the Legal Aides of the Half-Real437

Notes and Questions442

Chapter 6 THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION AND LEGAL SCIENCE443

Note443

A. THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION444

1. The Importance of Lawyers and Judges in the Revolution444

David A. Bell, Lawyers and Citizens: The Making of a Political Elite in Old Regime France444

2. Replacement of the French Parlements with the Tribunal of Cassation450

Vernon Valentine Palmer, May God Protect Us from the Equity of Parlements: Comparative Reflections on English and French Equity Power450

John P. Dawson, The Oracles of the Law452

Notes and Questions452

3. Elements of the Intellectual Revolution455

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America455

4. Natural Law459

Alf Ross, On Law and Justice459

Hugo Grotius, De Jure Belli et Pads I, Prolegomena461

5. Natural Law and Reason in Public Law461

O. F. Robinson, T. D. Fergus ＆ W. M. Gordon, European Legal History: Sources and Institutions461

Notes and Questions463

6. Ideology of the French Civil Code464

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America464

7. The French Civil Code and Its Drafting466

O. F. Robinson, T. D. Fergus ＆ W. M. Gordon, European Legal History; Sources and Institutions466

French Civil Code (1804)468

French Civil Code (1804)469

8. Contract Law in the French Civil Code470

M. [Robert Joseph] Pothier, 7 Treatise on the Law of Obligations, On Contracts470

French Civil Code (1804)471

Notes and Questions472

9. French Legal Institutions and Codes473

Note on the Influence of French Law473

10. The Revolution in Italy476

Mauro Cappelletti, John Henry Merryman ＆ Joseph M. Perillo, The Italian Legal System476

11. The Revolution in Spain480

Note on Political Turmoil and Codification in Spain480

12. The Revolution in Latin America482

Howard J. Wiarda, The Soul of Latin America: The Cultural and Political Tradition482

John H. Coatsworth, Political Economy and Economic Organization483

Charles A. Hale, The Civil Law Tradition and Constitutionalism in Twentieth-Century Mexico: The Legacy ofEmilio Rabasa486

David S. Clark, Judicial Protection of the Constitution in Latin America489

Notes and Questions490

13. Creole Lawyers and Their Constitutions and Codes493

Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, Latin American Lawyers: A Historical Introduction493

M.C. Mirow, Latin American Law: A History of Private Law and Institutions in Spanish America500

Note on Codification in Mexico504

14. The Latin American Style505

Howard J. Wiarda, Dilemmas of Democracy in Latin America: Crises and Opportunity505

Notes and Questions506

B. GERMAN LEGAL SCIENCE509

Note509

1. Legal Scholars510

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America510

2. German Law Faculties and Aktenversendung511

O. F. Robinson, T. D. Fergus ＆ W. M. Gordon, European Legal History: Sources and Institutions511

3. The Historical School of Law513

Mathias Reimann, The Historical School Against Codification: Savigny, Carter, and the Defeat of the New York Civil Code513

Note on German Romanticism514

O. F. Robinson, T. D. Fergus ＆ W. M. Gordon, European Legal History: Sources and Institutions514

4. Ideology of the German Civil Code515

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America515

Notes and Questions516

5. The Elements of Legal Science518

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America518

6. Pandectists522

O. F. Robinson, T. D. Fergus ＆ W. M. Gordon, European Legal History: Sources and Institutions522

7. The German Civil Code and Its Drafting524

John P. Dawson, The Oracles of the Law524

German Civil Code (1900)525

Note on German Codification527

Notes and Questions528

8. The Influence of German Legal Science530

Note on the United States530

Note on Civil Law Countries531

9. Introduction to Law Courses532

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America532

10. The Juridical Act: Declaration of Intention539

German Civil Code (1900)539

11. Patria Potestas Redefined541

Mary Ann Glendon, The Transformation of Family Law: State, Law, and Family in the United States and Western Europe541

Notes and Questions542

Chapter 7 THE LEGAL TRADITIONS OF EAST ASIA545

Note545

A. LAW IN EAST ASIA PRIOR TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY546

1. The Hindu-Buddhist Tradition and Law in the Kingdom of Siam546

Note on the Hindu-Buddhist Tradition546

Sarasin Viraphol, Law in Traditional Siam and China: A Comparative Study548

Notes and Questions552

2. The Imperial Chinese Tradition553

Note on Imperial Chinese Law553

Note on Dates for East Asian Political History555

3. The Rule of Law in Imperial China556

Qiang Fang ＆ Roger Des Forges, Were Chinese Rulers Above the Law? Toward a Theory of the Rule of Law in China from Early Times to 1949 CE556

Geoffrey MacCormack, The Spirit of Traditional Chinese Law557

Thomas B. Stephens, Order and Discipline in China: The Shanghai Mixed Court 1911-27559

4. Resolving Private Disputes in Imperial China561

Shuzo Shiga, Some Remarks on the Judicial System in China: Historical Development and Characteristics561

Philip C.C. Huang, Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing565

5. Contract Use in Imperial China568

Valarie Hansen, Negotiating Daily Life in Traditional China: How Ordinary People Used Contracts, 600-1400568

Notes and Questions570

6. The Confucianist Tradition in Yi Korea574

William Shaw, Social and Intellectual Aspects of Traditional Korean Law: 1392-1910574

7. Japan's Ambivalent Legal Tradition576

Note on Japanese Institutional History576

John Owen Haley, Authority Without Power: Law and the Japanese Paradox578

8. Inquisitorial and Adversarial Proceedings in Tokugawa Japan580

Yoshiro Hiramatsu, Tokugawa Law580

9. Tokugawa Indirect Governance and Village Identity587

John Owen Haley, Authority Without Power: Law and the Japanese Paradox587

Notes and Questions590

B. RECEPTION OF EUROPEAN LAW IN EAST ASIA593

Note on Japan as a Model in East Asia593

1. Codification and Legal Science in Meiji Japan594

Note on Codification594

Richard W. Rabinowitz, Law and the Social Process in Japan596

Zentaro Kitagawa, Theory Reception: One Aspect of the Development of Japanese Civil Law598

Notes and Questions599

2. The Meiji Constitution600

Note on Drafting the Constitution600

John Owen Haley, Authority Without Power: Law and the Japanese Paradox602

3. Adaptability of Western Law in Japan604

John Owen Haley, Authority Without Power: Law and the Japanese Paradox604

4. Legal Authority of the Head of Household606

Yuka (Moriguchi) Tsuchiya, Democratizing the Japanese Family: The Role of the Civil Information and Education Section in the Allied Occupation 1945-1952606

Japanese Civil Code (1898)607

J. Mark Ramseyer, Odd Markets in Japanese History607

Notes and Questions608

5. Taiwan and Korea under Japanese Colonial Rule609

Edward I-To Chen, The Attempt to Integrate the Empire: Legal Perspectives609

Tay-Sheng Wang, The Legal Development of Taiwan in the 20th Century: Toward a Liberal and Democratic Country611

Note on Korea614

6. Westernization and Judicial Reform in Siam (Thailand)615

Frank C. Darling, American Influence on the Evolution of Constitutional Government in Thailand615

David M. Engel, Law and Kingship in Thailand during the Reign of King Chulalongkom616

7. Indonesia Under Dutch Colonial Rule621

Daniel S. Lev, Judicial Institutions and Legal Culture in Indonesia621

Indonesian Civil Code (1848)626

Notes and Questions626

Note on the Typicality of Civil Law Systems629

TABLE OF FIGURES631