原子和量子物理学 英文 第7版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1．Introduction1

1.1 Classical Physics and Quantum Mechanics1

1.2 Short Historical Review1

2．The Mass and Size of the Atom5

2.1 What is an Atom?5

2.2 Determination of the Mass5

2.3 Methods for Determining Avogadro's Number7

2.3.1 Electrolysis7

2.3.2 The Gas Constant and Boltzmann's Constant7

2.3.3 X-Ray Diffraction in Crystals8

2.3.4 Determination Using Radioactive Decay9

2.4 Determination of the Size of the Atom10

2.4.1 Application of the Kinetic Theory of Gases10

2.4.2 The Interaction Cross Section11

2.4.3 Experimental Determination of Interaction Cross Sections14

2.4.4 Determining the Atomic Size from the Covolume15

2.4.5 Atomic Sizes from X-Ray Diffraction Measurements on Crystals15

2.4.6 CanIndividual Atoms Be Seen?20

Problems25

3．Isotopes27

3.1 The Periodic System of the Elements27

3.2 Mass Spectroscopy29

3.2.1 Parabola Method29

3.2.2 Improved Mass Spectrometers32

3.2.3 Results of Mass Spectrometry33

3.2.4 Modern Applications of the Mass Spectrometer34

3.2.5 Isotope Separation35

Problems36

4．The Nucleus of the Atom37

4.1 Passage of Electrons Through Matter37

4.2 Passage of Alpha Particles Through Matter(Rutherford Scattering)39

4.2.1 Some Properties of Alpha Particles39

4.2.2 Scattering of Alpha Particles by a Foil39

4.2.3 Derivation of the Rutherford Scattering Formula41

4.2.4 Experimental Results46

4.2.5 What is Meant by Nuclear Radius?47

Problems48

5．The Photon49

5.1 Wave Character of Light49

5.2 Thermal Radiation51

5.2.1 Spectral Distribution of Black Body Radiation51

5.2.2 Planck's Radiation Formula53

5.2.3 Einstein's Derivation of Planck's Formula54

5.3 The Photoelectric Effect58

5.4 The Compton Effect60

5.4.1 Experiments60

5.4.2 Derivation of the Compton Shift62

Problems64

6．The Electron69

6.1 Production of Free Electrons69

6.2 Size of the Electron69

6.3 The Charge of the Electron70

6.4 The Specific Charge e/m of the Electron71

6.5 Wave Character of Electrons and Other Particles74

6.6 Interferometry with Atoms78

Problems79

7．Some Basic Properties of Matter Waves81

7.1 Wave Packets81

7.2 Probabilistic Interpretation85

7.3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation87

7.4 The Energy-Time Uncertainty Relation89

7.5 Some Consequences of the Uncertainty Relations for Bound States90

Problems93

8．Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom95

8.1 Basic Principles of Spectroscopy95

8.2 The Optical Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom97

8.3 Bohr's Postulates100

8.4 Some Quantitative Conclusions104

8.5 Motion of the Nucleus105

8.6 Spectra of Hydrogen-like Atoms107

8.7 Muonic Atoms109

8.8 Excitation of Quantum Jumps by Collisions112

8.9 Sommerfeld's Extension of the Bohr Model and the Experimental Justification of a Second Quantum Number114

8.10 Lifting of Orbital Degeneracy by the Relativistic Mass Change116

8.11 Limits of the Bohr-Sommerfeld Theory.The Correspondence Principle117

8.12 Rydberg Atoms117

8.13 Exotic Atoms:Positronium,Muonium,and Antihydrogen120

Problems122

9．The Mathematical Framework of Quantum Theory125

9.1 The Particle in a Box125

9.2 The Schr？dinger Equation129

9.3 The Conceptual Basis of Quantum Theory131

9.3.1 Observations,Values of Measurements and Operators131

9.3.2 Momentum Measurement and Momentum Probability132

9.3.3 Average Values and Expectation Values133

9.3.4 Operators and Expectation Values136

9.3.5 Equations for Determining the Wavefunction137

9.3.6 Simultaneous Observability and Commutation Relations139

9.4 The Quantum Mechanical Oscillator142

Problems148

10．Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom153

10.1 Motion in a Central Field153

10.2 Angular Momentum Eigenfunctions155

10.3 The Radial Wavefunctions in a Central Field161

10.4 The Radial Wavefunctions of Hydrogen163

Problems169

11．Lifting of the Orbital Degeneracy in the Spectra of Alkali Atoms171

11.1 Shell Structure171

11.2 Screening173

11.3 The Term Diagram174

11.4 Inner Shells179

Problems179

12．Orbital and Spin Magnetism.Fine Structure181

12.1 Introduction and Overview181

12.2 Magnetic Moment of the Orbital Motion182

12.3 Precession and Orientation in a Magnetic Field184

12.4 Spin and Magnetic Moment of the Electron186

12.5 Determination of the Gyromagnetic Ratio by the Einstein-de Haas Method188

12.6 Detection of Directional Quantisation by Stern and Gerlach189

12.7 Fine Structure and Spin-Orbit Coupling:Overview191

12.8 Calculation of Spin-Orbit Splitting in the Bohr Model192

12.9 Level Scheme of the Alkali Atoms196

12.10 Fine Structure in the Hydrogen Atom197

12.11 The Lamb Shift198

Problems202

13．Atoms in a Magnetic Field:Experiments and Their Semiclassical Description205

13.1 Directional Quantisation in a Magnetic Field205

13.2 Electron Spin Resonance205

13.3 The Zeeman Effect208

13.3.1 Experiments208

13.3.2 Explanation of the Zeeman Effect from the Standpoint of Classical Electron Theory210

13.3.3 Description of the Ordinary Zeeman Effect by the Vector Model212

13.3.4 The Anomalous Zeeman Effect214

13.3.5 Magnetic Moments with Spin-Orbit Coupling215

13.4 The Paschen-Back Effect217

13.5 Double Resonance and Optical Pumping218

Problems220

14．Atoms in a Magnetic Field:Quantum Mechanical Treatment223

14.1 Quantum Theory of the Ordinary Zeeman Effect223

14.2 Quantum Theoretical Treatment of the Electron and Proton Spins225

14.2.1 Spin as Angular Momentum225

14.2.2 Spin Operators,Spin Matrices and Spin Wavefunctions226

14.2.3 The Schr？dinger Equation of a Spin in a Magnetic Field228

14.2.4 Description of Spin Precession by Expectation Values230

14.3 Quantum Mechanical Treatment of the Anomalous Zeeman Effect with Spin-OrbitCoupling232

14.4 Quantum Theory of a Spin in Mutually Perpendicular Magnetic Fields,One Constant and One Time Dependent236

14.5 The Bloch Equations241

14.6 The Relativistic Theory of the Electron.The Dirac Equation243

14.7 The Hydrogen Atom in Strong Magnetic Fields249

14.7.1 Rydberg Atoms in Strong Fields250

14.7.2 What is Chaos?A Reminder of Classical Mechanics251

14.7.3 Quantum Chaos254

14.7.4 The Hydrogen Atom in Strong Magnetic Fields and in Low Quantum States256

Problems259

15．Atoms in an Electric Field261

15.1 Observations of the Stark Effect261

15.2 Quantum Theory of the Linear and Quadratic Stark Effects263

15.2.1 The Hamiltonian263

15.2.2 The Quadratic Stark Effect.Perturbation Theory Without Degeneracy264

15.2.3 The Linear Stark Effect.Perturbation Theory in the Presence of Degeneracy267

15.3 The Interaction of a Two-Level Atom with a Coherent Radiation Field270

15.4 Spin and Photon Echoes273

15.5 A Glance at Quantum Electrodynamics276

15.5.1 Field Quantization276

15.5.2 Mass Renormalization and Lamb Shift281

15.6 Atoms in Strong Electric Fields288

Problems292

16．General Laws of Optical Transitions295

16.1 Symmetries and Selection Rules295

16.1.1 Optical Matrix Elements295

16.1.2 Examples of the Symmetry Behaviour of Wavefunctions295

16.1.3 Selection Rules300

16.1.4 Selection Rules and Multiple Radiation303

16.2 Linewidths and Lineshapes306

17．Many-Electron Atoms311

17.1 The Spectrum of the Helium Atom311

17.2 Electron Repulsion and the Pauli Principle313

17.3 Angular Momentum Coupling314

17.3.1 Coupling Mechanism314

17.3.2 LS Coupling(Russell-Saunders Coupling)314

17.3.3 jj Coupling318

17.4 Magnetic Moments of Many-Electron Atoms320

17.5 Multiple Excitations321

Problems321

18．X-Ray Spectra,Internal Shells323

18.1 Introductory Remarks323

18.2 X-Radiation from Outer Shells323

18.3 X-Ray Bremsstrahlung Spectra324

18.4 Emission Line Spectra:Characteristic Radiation326

18.5 Fine Structure of the X-Ray Spectra328

18.6 Absorption Spectra330

18.7 The Auger Effect332

18.8 Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS),ESCA334

Problems336

19．Structure of the Periodic System.Ground States of the Elements337

19.1 Periodic System and Shell Structure337

19.2 From the Electron Configuration to the Atomic Term Scheme.Atomic Ground States344

19.3 Excited States of Atoms and Possible Electronic Configurations.Complete Term Schemes347

19.4 The Many-Electron Problem.Hartree-Fock Method349

19.4.1 The Two-Electron Problem349

19.4.2 Many Electrons Without Mutual Interactions354

19.4.3 Coulomb Interaction of Electrons.Hartree and Hartree-Fock Methods355

Problems358

20．Nuclear Spin,Hyperfine Structure361

20.1 Influence of the Atomic Nucleus on Atomic Spectra361

20.2 Spins and Magnetic Moments of Atomic Nuclei362

20.3 The Hyperfine Interaction364

20.4 Hyperfine Structure in the Ground State of the Hydrogen Atom,the Sodium Atom,and the Hydrogen-like Ion 83Bi82+368

20.5 Hyperfine Structure in an External Magnetic Field,Electron Spin Resonance370

20.6 Direct Measurements of Nuclear Spins and Magnetic Moments,Nuclear Magnetic Resonance375

20.7 Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance378

20.8 The Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Moment383

Problems385

21．The Laser387

21.1 Some Basic Concepts for the Laser387

21.2 Rate Equations and Lasing Conditions390

21.3 Amplitude and Phase of Laser Light393

Problems396

22．Modern Methods of Optical Spectroscopy399

22.1 Classical Methods399

22.2 Quantum Beats400

22.3 Doppler-free Saturation Spectroscopy402

22.4 Doppler-free Two-Photon Absorption404

22.5 Level-Crossing Spectroscopy and the Hanle Effect406

22.6 Laser Cooling of Atoms408

22.7 Nondestructive Single-Photon Detection-An Example of Atomic Physics in a Resonant Cavity413

Problems415

23．Progress in Quantum Physics:A Deeper Understanding and New Applications417

23.1 Introduction417

23.2 The Superposition Principle,Interference,Probabilily and Probability Amplitudes417

23.3 Schr？dinger's Cat419

23.4 Decoherence419

23.5 Entanglement420

23.6 The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen(EPR)Paradox421

23.7 Bell's Inequalities and the Hidden-Variable Hypothesis422

23.8 Experiments to Test Bell's Inequalities425

23.9 Quantum Computers426

23.9.1 Historical Remarks426

23.9.2 Review of Digital Computers427

23.9.3 Basic Concepts of the Quantum Computer428

23.9.4 Decoherence and Error Correction430

23.9.5 A Comparison Between the Quantum Computer and the Digital Computer432

23.10 Quantum Information Theory432

23.11 The Bose-Einstein Condensation432

23.11.1 Review of Statistical Mechanics432

23.11.2 The Experimental Discovery433

23.11.3 The Quantum Theory of the Bose-Einstein Condensation435

23.12 The Atom Laser436

Problems437

24．Fundamentals of the Quantum Theory of Chemical Bonding439

24.1 Introductory Remarks439

24.2 The Hydrogen-Molecule Ion H？439

24.3 The Tunnel Effect445

24.4 The Hydrogen Molecule H2447

24.5 Covalent-Ionic Resonance454

24.6 The Hund-Mulliken-Bloch Theory of Bonding in Hydrogen455

24.7 Hybridisation456

24.8 The πElectrons of Benzene,C6H6458

Problems460

Appendix461

A．The Dirac Delta Function and the Normalisation of the Wavefunction of a Free Particle in Unbounded Space461

B．Some Properties of the Hamiltonian Operator,Its Eigenfunctions and its Eigenvalues465

C．Derivation of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Relation466

Solutions to the Problems469

Bibliography of Supplementary and Specialised Literature499

Subject Index507