英汉机译系统定向语言的设计和开发：应用于医学操作章程：英文PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

英汉机译系统定向语言的设计和开发：应用于医学操作章程：英文PDF格式电子书版下载

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Part One Machine Translation and Controlled Language2

Chapter 1 Machine Translation2

1.1 Introduction2

1.2 MT in China3

1.2.1 Brief introduction3

1.2.2 MT in China3

1.3 Types of MT systems6

1.3.1 Bilingual systems vs.multilingual systems6

1.3.2 Fully automatic MT systems6

1.3.3 Human intervened MT systems7

1.4 The needs of MT systems7

1.5 The difficulty of translation8

1.6 The difficulty of MT10

Chapter 2 Objectives of the thesis13

2.1 Motivation13

2.2 The purpose of the thesis13

2.3 Why is CL preferred in our work?15

Chapter 3 Controlled Languages17

3.1 What is a Controlled Language?17

3.1.1 The characteristics of CLs17

3.1.2 Human-oriented vs.machine-oriented CLs18

3.1.3 AECMA Simplified English19

3.1.4 EasyEnglish20

3.1.5 KANT system20

3.1.6 ACE21

3.2 Advantages and disadvantages of CLs22

3.2.1 Advantages22

3.2.2 Disadvantages23

3.3 Sublanguages24

3.3.1 Introduction24

3.3.2 The characteristics of sublanguages24

3.3.3 Differences between CLs and sublanguages25

Chapter 4 Medical Protocols27

4.1 The construction of a sample corpus27

4.1.1 The choice of the applied domains27

4.1.2 The criteria of building a corpus28

4.1.3 The size of the corpus29

4.1.4 Sample texts29

4.2 Characteristics of the medical protocols32

4.2.1 The general styles of the medical protocols32

4.2.2 The complexity of medical language32

4.2.3 The characteristics of our protocols33

4.3 The construction of the CL lexicon34

4.3.1 Verbs in the lexicon35

4.3.2 Nouns in the lexicon37

4.3.3 Prepositions in the lexicon39

4.3.4 Adjectives in the lexicon40

4.3.5 Determiners in the lexicon41

4.4 Management of the lexicon42

Part Two Linguistic Comparison and Formulation44

Chapter 5 Lexical Differences and Problems44

5.1 Introduction44

5.2 Our investigation45

5.3 Comparisons at lexical level47

5.3.1 Morphological differences47

5.3.2 Semantic differences51

5.3.3 Grammatical Categories and Grammatical Functions53

5.3.4 The number of nouns,the English articles and the Chinese classifiers57

5.4 The TL structural word"DE"62

Chapter 6 Syntactic Differences and Problems67

6.1 General syntactic differences（Ⅰ）67

6.2 Some specific syntactic differences（Ⅱ）69

6.2.1 Noun phrases and modifications69

6.2.2 Prepositional phrases,problems and solutions73

6.2.3 The position of PPs as adjuncts of verbs87

6.3 At the sentence level95

6.3.1 Declarative sentences95

6.3.2 Imperative sentences97

6.3.3 Adverbial clauses112

Chapter 7 Translation Information118

7.1 Introduction118

7.2 Some principles118

7.2.1 Accuracy118

7.2.2 Clarity119

7.2.3 Easy to formulate119

7.3 Descriptions120

7.3.1 Translation problems120

7.3.2 Lexical information123

7.3.3 Classifiers123

7.3.4 Prepositions124

7.3.5 Adding the structural word“DE（的）”125

7.3.6 Others127

Part Three Machine Designing Controlled Language Rules130

Chapter 8 Designing CL Rules130

8.1 Introduction130

8.2 Some aspects and principles131

8.3 The features of our CL131

8.4 Particularities of our sub-domain application132

Chapter 9 Language Control134

9.1 Introduction134

9.2 Vocabulary control134

9.3 Grammar control136

9.3.1 At phrasal level136

9.3.2 At sentential level138

9.4 Style141

Chapter 10 CL Rule Set142

10.1 Introduction142

10.2 Lexical rules142

10.3 Grammar Rules147

10.3.1 Noun phrase rules147

10.3.2 Verb Rules150

10.3.3 Adjunct Rules154

10.3.4 Prepositional phrase rules155

10.3.5 Adjective and adverb rules160

10.3.6 Conjunction rules for phrases161

10.4 Sentence rules162

10.5 Controlled textual rules166

10.6 Punctuation rules170

Chapter 11 Translation Process Model177

11.1 Transfer and Generation177

11.1.1 The architecture of our system177

11.1.2 Introduction to the transfer strategy178

11.2 Demonstration180

11.3 General Conclusion186

Annex Corpus190

Original Protocols190

Bibliography206

Index209

Postscript212