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List of Abbreviations15

Introduction17

CHAPTER Ⅰ. HISTORICAL AND GENERAL BACKGROUND17

1. Definition17

2. Historical development17

3. The establishment of the International Labour Organization18

4. The activity of the International Labour Organization19

Ⅰ. The International Labour Conference19

Ⅱ. The Declaration of Philadelphia19

Ⅲ. The agreements with the UN and other international organizations19

Ⅳ. The international labour standards20

5. The purpose of international labour standards20

Ⅰ. International competition21

Ⅱ. Contribution to the consolidation of peace22

Ⅲ. Social justice23

Ⅳ. Social and human objectives of economic development25

Ⅴ. International movement of workers and goods25

Ⅵ. Consolidation of national labour legislation26

Ⅶ. Source of inspiration for national action26

6. International labour standards and technical co-operation26

CHAPTER Ⅱ. THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK27

1. The membership of the ILO27

Ⅰ. States Members and rules governing membership27

Ⅱ. Withdrawal28

2. The tripartite structure29

Ⅰ. Problems relating to workers' representatives30

A. The problem of trade union pluralism30

B. The problem of countries whose trade union system is not considered to be in conformity with freedom of association31

Ⅱ. Problems relating to employers' representatives32

3. The organs of the ILO34

Ⅰ. The International Labour Conference34

Ⅱ. The Governing Body36

Ⅲ. The International Labour Office37

Ⅳ. Technical committees and meetings38

Ⅴ.Regional meetings38

4. The competence of the ILO38

Ⅰ. The question of agricultural work39

Ⅱ. The question of means of production39

Ⅲ. The question of the personal work of the employers40

Ⅳ. The question of women holding positions of supervision40

Ⅴ. More recent evolution. The competence of the ILO as redefined by the Declaration of Philadelphia41

5. The standard-setting activities of the ILO and other international organizations42

CHAPTER Ⅲ. THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR LAW42

1. ILO Sources43

Ⅰ. The Constitution of the ILO43

Ⅱ. Conventions and Recommendations43

A. Nature and characteristics44

The International Labour Code46

B. The procedure for the adoption of Conventions and Recommendations46

1. The inclusion of items on the agenda of the Conference46

2. The discussion and adoption by the Conference47

C. The problems encountered in framing Conventions and Recommendations49

1. The diversity of national conditions49

a. Universal or regional standards?49

b. The level of the standards50

c. The flexibility clauses51

1. Options allowed to States as regards obligations undertaken51

2. Flexibility in the formulation of the standard52

Flexibility as regards the scope52

Flexibility as regards the content of the obligation52

3. Flexibility as regards the methods of application53

d. The drafting of the standard54

e. Results of flexibility clauses54

2. The nature of the rights which may be the subject of international standards54

3. The choice between a Convention and a Recommendation55

4. The adjustment to change. The revision of Conventions and Recommendations57

Ⅲ. Less formal instruments59

Ⅳ. Interpretation60

Ⅴ. Case law61

Ⅵ. Instruments adopted by special Conferences under the auspices or with the co-operation of the ILO62

2. United Nations instruments63

3. Regional instruments64

Ⅰ. Council of Europe instruments64

A. European Social Charter64

B. The European Human Rights Convention65

C. Social Security instruments65

Ⅱ.European Communities standards66

Ⅲ. Other regional instruments66

4. Bilateral treaties67

Ⅰ. Labour treaties67

Ⅱ. Social insurance treaties69

Ⅲ. Conclusion69

5. Relations between the sources70

Ⅰ. The role of the various international sources70

Ⅱ. The conflict between international sources71

A. Preventive steps71

B. Cases of conflict72

CHAPTER Ⅳ. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY74

Part Ⅰ: The Content of International Labour Law79

CHAPTER Ⅰ. FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION FOR TRADE UNION PURPOSES79

1. General outline79

2. The Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention, 1948 (No. 87)81

Ⅰ. The right to establish trade union organizations81

Ⅱ. The rights and guarantees of trade union organizations83

Ⅲ. The right to strike85

3. The Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)86

4. The Workers' Representatives Convention (No. 135)and Recommendation (No. 143) of 197187

5. The Rural Workers' Organizations Convention (No. 141)and Recommendation (No. 149) of 197589

6. The Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention (No. 151)and Recommendation (No. 159) of 197890

7. Fields in which additional studies and standards have been contemplated91

8. Other international standards92

Ⅰ. Universal standards92

Ⅱ. European standards93

9. Bilateral treaties95

CHAPTER Ⅱ. FORCED LABOUR95

1. General outline95

2. The Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)96

3. The Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)97

4. Problems of application of the Forced Labour Conventions98

Ⅰ. The problems of forced labour for economic purposes98

Ⅱ. The various youth services99

Ⅲ. The problems of forced labour for political purposes101

Ⅳ. The problems of forced labour as a means of labour discipline101

5. Other international standards102

CHAPTER Ⅲ. DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT104

1. General outline104

2. The Discrimination (Employment and Occupation)Convention and Recommendation, 1958 (No. 111)105

Ⅰ. Definition of the term 'discrimination'106

Ⅱ. Measures which are not deemed to be discrimination107

Ⅲ. Individuals and fields covered109

Ⅳ. Action designed to eliminate discrimination109

3. The action in the field of apartheid111

4. Other international standards113

CHAPTER Ⅳ. EMPLOYMENT114

1. General outline114

2. Employment policy116

3. Unemployment118

Ⅰ. The Unemployment Convention, 1919 (No. 2)118

Ⅱ. The unemployment of young persons119

Ⅲ. The organization of public works119

4. Placement120

Ⅰ. The abolition or regulation of fee-charging employment agencies120

A. The progressive abolition of fee-charging employment agencies conducted with a view to profit and the regulation of the other employment agencies120

B. The regulation of fee-charging employment agencies121

C. Ratification and problems of application of Convention No. 96121

D. The problem of temporary work agencies122

Ⅱ. The employment service122

5. Apprenticeship, vocational guidance and training123

6. Other international standards124

CHAPTER Ⅴ. WAGES125

1. General outline125

2. Minimum wage-fixing126

Ⅰ. Introduction126

Ⅱ. The 1928 Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery Convention (No. 26) and Recommendation (No. 30)127

Ⅲ. The 1951 Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery(Agriculture) Convention (No. 99) and Recommendation (No. 89)128

Ⅳ. The 1970 Minimum Wage-Fixing Convention (No. 131)and Recommendation (No. 135)129

Ⅴ. The social policy Conventions130

Ⅵ.Provisions concerning special categories of workers (seafarers and plantations workers)130

3. Protection of wages131

4. Labour clauses in public contracts132

5. Other international standards133

CHAPTER Ⅵ. GENERAL CONDITIONS OF WORK134

1. Hours of work134

Ⅰ. General outline134

Ⅱ. The standard of the eight-hour day and the 48-hour week136

A. The Hours of Work (Industry)Convention, 1919 (No. 1)136

B. The Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices)Convention, 1930 (No. 30)137

C. The special Conventions138

Ⅲ. The standard of the forty-hour week138

A. The Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935(No. 47)138

B. The special Conventions139

C. The Reduction of Hours of Work Recommendation, 1962 (No. 116)139

Ⅳ. Difficulties of ratification and application of the standards on hours of work139

Ⅴ. Other international standards140

2. Weekly rest140

Ⅰ. General outline140

Ⅱ. Weekly rest in industry141

Ⅲ. Weekly rest in commerce and offices141

Ⅳ. Other international standards142

3. Paid leave142

Ⅰ. General outline142

Ⅱ. The 1936 Holidays with Pay Convention and Recommendation143

Ⅲ. The 1954 Holidays with Pay Recommendation144

Ⅳ. The 1952 Standards on Holidays with Pay in Agriculture144

Ⅴ. The 1970 Revised Convention on Holidays with Pay145

Ⅵ. Paid educational leave146

Ⅶ. Public holidays147

Ⅷ. Other international standards147

4. Industrial hygiene and safety147

Ⅰ. General outline147

Ⅱ. Standards relating to specific risks148

A. White phosphorus148

B. White lead149

C. Anthrax149

D. The hazards of poisoning arising from benzene149

E. Occupational cancer150

F. Radiation protection150

G. The guarding of machinery151

H. Maximum weight151

I. Working environment: atmospheric pollution,noise and vibrations152

Ⅲ. Standards concerning special branches of activity152

A. Industrial establishments152

B. Building and construction152

C. Bakeries153

D. Work in offices and commerce153

E. Dock work153

F. Maritime work154

G. Other activities154

Ⅳ. Standards concerning methods and institutions for the prevention of industrial accidents and the protection of workers' health154

A. The prevention of industrial accidents154

B. The protection of workers' health154

C. The occupational health services155

Ⅴ. Standards defining the occupational diseases which give rise to compensation155

Ⅵ. Future prospects157

Ⅶ. Other international standards157

5. Welfare facilities, housing and spare time158

Ⅰ. Welfare facilities for workers158

Ⅱ. Housing158

Ⅲ. Workers' spare time159

CHAPTER Ⅶ. SOCIAL POLICY160

1. General principles of social policy160

2. Social repercussions of technical progress161

3. Multinational enterprises and social policy162

CHAPTER Ⅷ. SOCIAL SECURITY162

CHAPTER Ⅸ. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS164

1. General outline164

2. Collective agreements165

3. Voluntary conciliation and arbitration166

4. Co-operation at the level of the undertaking167

5. Consultation at the industrial and national levels167

6.Termination of employment at the initiative of the employer168

7. Communications and examination of grievances in the undertaking170

CHAPTER Ⅹ. WORK OF WOMEN171

1. Maternity protection172

2. Night work173

3. The employment of women in unhealthy or dangerous occupations175

4. Equal remuneration176

5. Employment of women with family responsibilities178

6. Standards relating to particular aspects of the work of women178

7. Other international standards179

CHAPTER ⅩⅠ WORK OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PERSONS180

1. The minimum age for admission to employment181

Ⅰ. The general standard of 14 years and its variations181

Ⅱ. The general standard of 15 years183

Ⅲ. Minimum age for certain arduous occupations183

Ⅳ. The principle of the fixing of a minimum age as an element of social policy184

Ⅴ. The consolidated general standard of 1973184

Ⅵ. Problems of ratification and of application of minimum age Conventions185

2. Night work of young persons186

3. Medical examination187

4. Special provisions contained in Conventions of general application189

5. Other international standards189

CHAPTER ⅩⅡ. OLDER WORKERS191

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ. SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF WORKERS191

1. Seafarers and fishermen191

Ⅰ. Seafarers191

A. Special procedure for the framing of standards concerning employment at sea192

B. The question of the applicability to seafarers of international labour Conventions of a general scope192

C. Conditions for the entry into force of maritime Conventions193

D. General outline of the standards relating to employment at sea194

Ⅱ. Fishermen199

2. Workers in agriculture200

3. Indigenous workers and workers of non-metropolitan territories201

Ⅰ. Indigenous workers202

A. Recruiting202

B. The contracts of employment203

C. Penal sanctions for breaches of contracts of employment203

Ⅱ. Workers in non-metropolitan territories204

A. Social policy204

B. Right of association205

C. Labour inspection205

D. Labour standards205

Ⅲ. Indigenous and tribal populations206

4. Public employees206

5. Nursing personnel207

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ. FOREIGN AND MIGRANT WORKERS207

1.Conventions dealing specifically with the situation of foreign and migrant workers208

2.General Conventions containing a special provision on foreign workers210

3. Conventions which do not contain any provision on foreign workers211

4. Other international standards212

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ. LABOUR ADMINISTRATION214

1. Labour inspection215

Ⅰ. General outline215

Ⅱ. Labour inspection in industry and commerce216

A. Convention No. 81 of 1947216

B. The 1947 Recommendations218

C. Problems of ratification and of application of Convention No. 81218

Ⅲ. Labour inspection for seamen219

Ⅳ. Labour inspection in agriculture219

Ⅴ.Labour inspection in non-metropolitan territories220

Ⅵ. Other international standards221

2. Labour administration221

3. Labour statistics221

4. Tripartite consultation relating to standards222

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ. THE REVIEW OF EXISTING STANDARDS223

Part Ⅱ: The Implementation of International Labour Standards225

CHAPTER Ⅰ. OBLIGATIONS IN RESPECT OF STANDARDS225

1. The obligation to submit Conventions and Recommendations to competent authorities225

2. The obligation to respect certain fundamental principles227

3. The obligation to supply reports on unratified Conventions and on Recommendations228

CHAPTER Ⅱ. RATIFICATION OF CONVENTIONS AND ENSUING OBLIGATIONS AND EFFECT228

1. Ratification of Conventions228

Ⅰ. The ratification: concept and procedure228

Ⅱ. Present state of ratifications229

Ⅲ. State succession230

2. Entry into force of Conventions230

3. Denunciation of Conventions231

4. The obligation to implement ratified Conventions231

Ⅰ. Nature of the necessary implementing measures231

Ⅱ. International labour standards as minimum standards232

Ⅲ. Obligation in respect of non-metropolitan territories232

Ⅳ. The effect of war, force majeure and emergency233

Ⅴ. The obligation to supply reports233

5. The incorporation of international Conventions into national law as a result of ratification and the conflict between international and national rules234

Ⅰ. Incorporation of international Conventions into national law234

Ⅱ. The question of self-executing standards235

Ⅲ. The conflict between the incorporated international standards and ordinary laws237

A. Conflict with earlier law237

B. Conflict with later law238

C. European Communities239

D. European Social Charter239

CHAPTER Ⅲ. THE GENERAL SUPERVISORY MACHINERY OF THE ILO:(Ⅰ) THE EXAMINATION OF PERIODICAL REPORTS239

1. The Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations240

2. The Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations242

3. Direct contracts with governments242

4. The main difficulties encountered243

5. The results obtained244

CHAPTER Ⅳ. THE GENERAL SUPERVISORY MACHINERY OF THE ILO:(II) THE EXAMINATION OF COMPLAINTS245

1. Complaints245

2. Representations248

CHAPTER Ⅴ. THE SPECIAL MACHINERY IN THE FIELD OF FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION248

1. The Committee on Freedom of Association249

2. The Fact-Finding and Conciliation Commission250

CHAPTER Ⅵ. SPECIAL STUDIES AND INQUIRIES, PROMOTIONAL MEASURES AND TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION252

1. Special studies and inquiries252

Ⅰ. Freedom of association252

Ⅱ. Forced labour254

Ⅲ. Discrimination254

2. Promotional measures: information, education and training254

3. Technical co-operation and World Employment Programme255

CHAPTER Ⅶ MAIN GHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUPERVISORY SYSTEM256

CHAPTER Ⅷ. SUPERVISORY MACHINERY ESTABLISHED BY OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS258

1. United Nations instruments258

2. Council of Europe instruments259

Ⅰ. European Social Charter259

Ⅱ. European Social Security Code260

3. The instruments of the European Communities260

CONCLUDING REMARKS: THE OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE261

INDEX263