LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IN INTERNATIONAL MARITIME CONVENTIONSPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IN INTERNATIONAL MARITIME CONVENTIONSPDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

Introduction1

Ⅰ.The concept of limitation of liability1

Ⅱ.The international nature of the concept and the need for a comprehensive approach2

Ⅲ.Methodology and contents3

1 Historical background5

1.1 Origins of the concept and its development in continental Europe5

1.2 English Law and limitation of liability8

1.2.1 Limitation of liability and the action in rem8

1.2.2 Statutory regulation of limitation of liability10

1.3 Different systems of limitation of liability15

1.3.1 Limitation by reference to tonnage15

1.3.2 Limitation by residual value15

1.3.2.1 Limitation by abandonment15

1.3.2.2 Limitation by execution16

1.3.3 Option systems16

1.3.3.1 The American system16

1.3.3.2 The Belgian system17

1.4 International regulation of limitation of liability17

1.4.1 The 1924 Convention18

1.4.2 The 1957 Convention19

2 The LLMC Convention22

2.1 Persons entitled to limit liability23

2.1.1 Shipowners23

2.1.1.1 Charterers25

2.1.1.2 Managers and operators31

2.1.2 Salvors32

2.1.3 Any person for whose act the shipowner or salvor is responsible33

2.1.4 Liability insurers35

2.2 Ships in respect of which liability can be limited35

2.2.1 Ships36

2.2.2 Seagoing ships37

2.2.3 Craft excluded by the Convention39

2.3 Claims subject to limitation40

2.3.1 Claims in respect of loss of life or personal injury or loss of or damage to property41

2.3.2 Claims resulting from delay43

2.3.3 Claims for infringement of rights44

2.3.4 Claims for wreck and cargo removal45

2.3.5 Claims in respect of measures taken in order to avert or minimize loss46

2.4 Claims excepted from limitation47

2.4.1 Salvage and general average47

2.4.2 Oil pollution claims48

2.4.3 Nuclear claims49

2.4.4 Claims by servants of the shipowner and salvor50

2.4.5 Other excluded claims51

2.4.5.1 Exclusions by interpretation51

2.5 Loss of right to limit54

2.5.1 Conduct barring limitation under the 1957 Convention54

2.5.1.1 What is actual fault or privity?54

2.5.1.2 Whose fault or privity?57

2.5.1.3 The move away from actual fault or privity61

2.5.2 Conduct barring limitation under the LLMC Convention62

2.5.2.1 Whose personal act or omission?63

2.5.2.2 Intent64

2.5.2.3 Recklessness64

2.5.2.4 With knowledge65

2.5.2.5 Loss68

2.5.2.6 Such loss68

2.5.2.7 The burden of proof69

2.5.3 The impact of the ISM Code on the conduct barring limitation69

2.5.4 Is the right to limit really unbreakable?73

2.6 The general limits of liability76

2.6.1 Which tonnage?76

2.6.1.1 Tug and tow situations76

2.6.1.2 Salvors78

2.6.2 The limitation amounts79

2.6.2.1 The overspill provision80

2.6.2.2 Claims in respect of damage to harbour works,basins and waterways and aids to navigation83

2.6.2.3 The unit of account84

2.7 Limitation of liability for passenger claims85

2.7.1 Was a separate fund necessary?85

2.7.2 Per capita limit,global limit,or both?86

2.7.3 Minimum or maximum limit?86

2.7.4 'Authorized to carry' or 'actually carried'?87

2.7.5 Amount of the limit?88

2.7.6 The adopted text89

2.8 Reservations91

2.8.1 Is a reservation based on the wording of Article 18 an effective reservation?95

2.8.2 Does an effective reservation also exclude recourse actions?99

3 The 1996 Protocol103

3.1 Persons entitled to limit liability103

3.2 Claims excepted from limitation104

3.2.1 Automatic exclusions104

3.2.2 Optional exclusions105

3.3 The new limits of liability106

3.3.1 The general limits106

3.3.2 The limit of liability for passenger claims108

3.3.3 Amendment of limits110

3.3.3.1 First proposal to amend the limits of liability under Article 8 of the 1996 Protocol110

4 Conventions relating to the carriage of passengers and their luggage by sea113

4.1 First attempts at international regulation115

4.1.1 The 1961 Convention115

4.1.2 The 1967 Convention116

4.2 The Athens Convention and the 1976 Athens Protocol116

4.2.1 Persons entitled to limit liability117

4.2.2 Basis of liability118

4.2.2.1 Liability of the carrier118

4.2.2.2 Liability for servants or agents119

4.2.2.3 Liability of the performing carrier120

4.2.2.4 Liability for valuables121

4.2.2.5 Contributory fault122

4.2.2.6 Burden of proof122

4.2.2.7 Basis for claims123

4.2.3 The limits of liability123

4.2.3.1 Death or personal injuries124

4.2.3.2 Loss of or damage to luggage124

4.2.3.3 Supplementary provisions125

4.2.3.4 The monetary unit126

4.2.4 Loss of right to limit126

4.2.5 Other conventions on limitation of liability128

4.3 The 1990 Protocol128

4.4 The 2002 Protocol129

4.4.1 Basis of liability130

4.4.1.1 Liability of the carrier130

4.4.1.2 Burden of proof133

4.4.2 Compulsory insurance134

4.4.2.1 The amount of compulsory insurance cover135

4.4.2.2 The compulsory insurance certificate136

4.4.2.3 The right of direct action138

4.4.3 The new limits of liability138

4.4.3.1 Death or personal injuries138

4.4.3.2 Loss of or damage to luggage139

4.4.3.3 The unit of account and conversion140

4.5 IMO Reservation and Guidelines for the Implementation of the Athens Convention 2002140

4.5.1 The Reservation141

4.5.2 The Guidelines142

4.5.3 Relationship between the IMO Reservation and Guidelines and the Athens Convention 2002142

5 Conventions relating to liability and compensation for pollution damage145

5.1 The 1969 CLC and the 1992 CLC145

5.1.1 Scope of application146

5.1.1.1 Application to sea-going vessels146

5.1.1.2 Types of loss covered147

5.1.1.3 Territorial application148

5.1.2 Liability of the shipowner148

5.1.3 Channelling of liability150

5.1.4 Limitation of liability150

5.1.5 Compulsory insurance151

5.1.6 The right of direct action151

5.1.7 Difference between the 1969 CLC and the 1992 CLC151

5.2 The HNS Convention152

5.2.1 Damage covered154

5.2.2 Limitation of liability154

5.2.3 The 2010 HNS Protocol155

5.2.3.1 Limits of liability155

5.2.3.2 A single international HNS regime157

5.2.3.3 Entry into force158

5.3 The Bunkers Convention158

5.3.1 Scope of application159

5.3.1.1 Territorial application159

5.3.1.2 Types of loss covered159

5.3.1.3 Exclusions162

5.3.2 Persons liable162

5.3.2.1 Responder immunity163

5.3.3 Basis of liability164

5.3.4 Limitation of liability165

5.3.5 Compulsory insurance166

6 The Nairobi Convention167

6.1 Wrecks covered by the Convention169

6.1.1 Wreck169

6.1.2 Hazard170

6.1.3 Convention area170

6.2 Liability of the owner171

6.2.1 Standard of liability172

6.2.2 Burden of proof173

6.2.3 Basis for claims173

6.3 Limitation of liability173

6.4 Compulsory insurance174

6.4.1 The amount of compulsory insurance cover174

6.5 Entry into force175

7 Relationship between global limitation conventions and particular liability regimes176

7.1 Global limitation conventions and the conventions relating to carriage of assengers and their luggage by sea176

7.1.1 Relationship between the LLMC Convention and the Athens Convention176

7.1.2 Relationship between the 1996 Protocol and the Athens Convention179

7.1.3 Relationship between the LLMC Convention as amended by the 1996 Protocol and Athens Convention 2002 as implemented through the IMO Reservation and Guidelines180

7.2 Global limitation conventions and the conventions relating to liability and compensation for pollution damage184

7.2.1 Relationship between the LLMC Convention as amended by the 1996 Protocol and the 1969 CLC as amended by the 1992 CLC185

7.2.2 Relationship between the LLMC Convention as amended by the 1996 Protocol and the HNS Convention as amended by the 2010 HNS Protocol188

7.2.3 Relationship between the LLMC Convention as amended by the 1996 Protocol and the Bunkers Convention190

7.2.3.1 Bunker oil pollution claims under the LLMC Convention191

7.2.3.2 Linkage between the Bunkers Convention and the LLMC Convention195

7.3 Global limitation conventions and the Nairobi Convention197

7.3.1 No reservations198

7.3.2 Reservations in respect of Article 2(1)(d) and (e)198

7.3.3 Reservations in respect of Article 2(1)(d)199

7.3.4 Reservations plus national law199

8 The way forward201

8.1 Proposed amendments to the LLMC Convention202

8.1.1 Definitions202

8.1.2 Persons entitled to limit liability202

8.1.2.1 Charterers203

8.1.2.2 Managers and operators204

8.1.3 Other persons to whom the right to limit may be extended205

8.1.3.1 The carrier of passengers205

8.1.3.2 Harbour,conservancy,dock and canal authorities207

8.1.3.3 Classification societies208

8.1.4 Claims subject to limitation210

8.1.4.1 Wreck and cargo removal claims210

8.1.4.2 Bunker oil pollution claims212

8.1.5 Claims excepted from limitation213

8.1.5.1 Claims for oil pollution213

8.1.5.2 Claims for legal costs214

8.1.6 The limits of liability214

8.1.6.1 The limitation amounts214

8.1.6.2 Tug and tow situations215

8.1.6.3 The overspill provision215

8.1.6.4 Slot charterers215

8.1.7 Passenger claims216

8.1.8 Reservations217

8.1.9 A single international LLMC regime218

8.2 Draft amendments219

APPENDICES227

1.Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims,1976229

2.Protocol of 1996 to amend the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims,1976242

3.Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea,1974249

4.Protocol of 2002 to the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea,1974260

5.IMO Reservation and Guidelines for Implementation of the Athens Convention279

6.International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1969289

7.Protocol of 1992 to amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1969300

8.International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea,1996314

9.Protocol of 2010 to the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea,1996354

10.International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage,2001370

11.Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks,2007384

Selected bibliography401

Index409