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Contents1

Part One Diction1

Ⅰ．The Appropriate Word1

1．Standard and Nonstandard English2

2．The Core of English Vocabulary2

3．Formal,Unmarked,and Colloquial English3

4．Slang6

5．Archaisms,Obsolete Words,and Anach-ronisms6

1．Connotation and Denotation7

Ⅱ．The Exact Word7

（1）Synonyms8

（2）Derogatory Terms and Euphemisms9

2．Specific and Concrete Words11

3．Idioms and Collocations14

（1）Idioms14

（2）Collocations15

Ⅲ．The Dictionary16

1．The Use of a Dictionary16

（1）Dictionaries Intended for the Foreign Learner18

2．Some Good Dictionaries18

（2）Abridged Dictionaries19

（3）Unabridged Dictionaries20

Part Two The Sentence22

Ⅰ．Sentence Sense22

1．Elements of a Sentence22

2．Sentence Fragments22

3．The Comma Fault and Run-on Sentences24

2．Simple,Compound,Complex,and Compound-Complex Sentences25

1．Declarative,Interrogative,Imperative,and Exclamatory Sentences25

Ⅱ．Types of Sentences25

3．Loose,Periodic,and Balanced Sentences28

4．Long and Short Sentences31

Ⅲ．Effective Sentences35

1．Unity35

2．Coherence35

（1）Parallel Constructions36

（2）Pronoun Reference38

（3）Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers39

（4）Confusing Shifts42

（5）Mixed and Incomplete Constructions44

3．Conciseness45

4．Emphasis47

（1）Subordination47

（2）Word Order48

（3）Short,Balanced,and Periodic Sentences50

（4）The Verb　　　50

（6）Repetition51

（5）The Active Voice51

（7）Emphatic Words,Phrases,and Structures52

5．Variety53

Part Three The Paragraph56

Ⅰ．General Remarks56

1．Unity56

2．Coherence58

3．Transition59

4．Length 　　60

1．Planning a Paragraph61

Ⅱ．Ways of Developing Paragraphs61

2．Development by Time62

3．Development by Process64

4．Development by Space65

5．Development by Detail67

6．Development by Example68

7．Development by Generalization69

8．Development by Comparison and Con-trast71

9．Development by Cause and Effect74

10．Development by Classification75

11．Development by Definition77

12．Climactic Sequence79

13．Development by a Combination of Me-thods80

Part Four The Whole Composition82

Ⅰ．Steps in Writing a Composition82

1．Planning a Composition82

2．Types of Outlines84

4．Revising the First Draft87

3．Writing the First Draft87

5．Making the Final Copy89

Ⅱ．Organization90

1．Some Principles90

2．The Beginning90

3．The End93

Ⅲ．Types of Writing93

1．Description93

2．Narration103

3．Exposition108

4．Argumentation114

Part Five The Summary122

Part Six The Research Paper131

Ⅰ．Steps 　　　　　　　131

1．Choosing a Subject131

2．Collecting Material133

3．Reading134

4．Taking Notes 　　　　135

（2）Documentation of Notes136

（1）Content of Notes136

（3）Kinds of Notes137

（4）Quotation of Sources137

（5）Putting Notes in Order139

5．Organizing Your Ideas142

（1）Facts and Views142

（2）Writing an Outline143

6．Writing the Paper143

（1）Using Your Own Words143

（2）Some Advice on Style146

Ⅱ．Format147

1．Structure of a Paper147

2．Use of Quotations148

3．Use of Footnotes151

（1）Avoiding Plagiarism151

（2）Footnote Forms154

4．Bibliography159

（1）The Book Catalogue159

（3）Bibliography Cards for Books160

（2）Making Bibliography Cards160

（4）Bibliography Cards for Other Kinds of Sources164

（5）Final Bibliography165

Ⅲ．A Sample Research Paper167

Part Seven Letters179

Ⅰ．Form　　179

Ⅱ．Language181

Ⅲ．Addressing an Envelope181

Ⅳ．Models182

2．Indentation187

3．Capitalization187

Part Eight Mechanics187

1．Margins187

Ⅰ．Arrangement187

4．Italics189

5．Syllabification190

Ⅱ．Punctuation190

1．Period190

2．Question Mark191

3．Exclamation Mark192

4．Comma193

5．Colon197

6．Semicolon198

7．Dash199

8．Quotation Marks200

9．Parentheses201

11．Apostrophe203

10．Brackets203

12．Hyphen204

13．Virgule205

Exercises207

Ⅰ．Diction207

Ⅱ．The Sentence216

Ⅲ．The Paragraph230

Correction Symbols237

Bibliography239